Facts & Figures • International Journal of Cuban Health & Medicine 17 (4) Oct 2015 •

Facts & Figures

UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY’S 2015 RESOLUTION AGAINST THE US EMBARGO

HEALTH OF HISPANIC/LATINO**Hispanic used throughout, following the definition of the US Office of Management and Budget for “Hispanic or Latino”: “a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.” Brazilian Americans not included.[1] [11 CDC. Minority Health. Hispanic or Latino population. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/populations/REMP/hispanic.html
http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/popula... ] IMMIGRANTS IN THE USA

Social determinants of health

  • Among Hispanic US residents:[22 Scott G, Ni H. Access to Health Care among Hispanic Children: United States, 1998–2001. Advance Data from Health Statistics Number 344. June 24, 2004:1–24.]

    • About 1 in 3 has not completed high school;

    • About 1 in 4 lives below the poverty line; and

    • About 1 in 3 does not speak English well.

  • In 2010, a higher percentage of Hispanic workers were employed in high-risk occupations than white, non-Hispanic workers.[33 CDC Health Disparities & Inequalities Report — United States, 2013 (CHDIR). Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIRe...     ]

  • Whether Hispanic US residents were born in the US makes a difference. Compared with US-born Hispanic residents, foreign-born Hispanic residents have:[44 CDC. Hispanic Health Vital Signs. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-health/index.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-h...     ]

    • about half as much heart disease;

    • 48% less cancer;

    • 29% less high blood pressure; and

    • 45% more high total cholesterol.

  • Cancers related to infections (cervical, stomach, and liver) are more common among Hispanic US residents born in another country.

Health care access[44 CDC. Hispanic Health Vital Signs. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-health/index.html
http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-h... ]

  • Hispanic US residents are almost 3 times as likely to be unin-sured as native-born white US citizens.

  • Each year, an estimated 3.0 million (25.7%) Hispanic children lack health insurance coverage; 1.6 million (14.1%) have no usual place to go for health care during the past year, and 1.4 million (17.6%) experience unmet health care needs during the past year due to cost.

  • Mexican-American children are most likely (30.4%) to lack health insurance coverage, followed by Central or South American children (23.8%) and other Hispanic children (18.6%).

  • The percentage of children having a usual place to go for health care is highest for Cuban children (93.5%) and lowest for Mexican children (83.3%).

  • The percentage of children who experience unmet medical needs due to cost in the past year is 18.3% for Mexican children, 16.3% for Puerto Rican children, 12.8% for Central or South American children, and 8.3% for Cuban children.

Maternal and child health

  • Births per 1000 women 15–44 years: 72.9[55 Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJK, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ. Births: Final Data for 2013. National Vital Statistics Reports. 2015 January 15;64(1):1–68. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf.
    http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64...     ]

  • Percent of births with low birth weight: 7.1%[55 Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJK, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ. Births: Final Data for 2013. National Vital Statistics Reports. 2015 January 15;64(1):1–68. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf.
    http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64...     ]

  • Birth rates among Hispanic teenagers in 2010 were higher than rates among white, non-Hispanic teenagers/[33 CDC Health Disparities & Inequalities Report — United States, 2013 (CHDIR). Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIRe...     ]

  • In 2010, the birth rate for Hispanic adolescents (aged 15–19) years was approximately five times the rate for Asian/Pacific Islanders, twice the rate for non-Hispanic white adolescents, and somewhat higher than the rates for non-Hispanic black and American Indian/Alaska Native adolescents.[33 CDC Health Disparities & Inequalities Report — United States, 2013 (CHDIR). Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIRe...     ]

  • Infant deaths per 1000 live births: 5.25[66 Mathews TJ, MacDorman MF. Infant Mortality Statistics from the 2010 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set. National vital statistics reports. 2013 December 18;62(8):1–27. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr62/nvsr62_08.pdf.
    http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr62...     ]

Oral Health

  • Approximately 49% of Hispanic adults and 63% of Hispanic children had visited a dentist at least once in the previous year.[77 Scott G, Simile C. Access to Dental Care Among Hispanic or Latino Subgroups: United States, 2000–03. Advance Data from Health Statistics No. 354. May 12, 2005:1–16.]

  • Mexican adults (44%) were least likely and Cuban adults (60%) were most likely to have used dental care.[77 Scott G, Simile C. Access to Dental Care Among Hispanic or Latino Subgroups: United States, 2000–03. Advance Data from Health Statistics No. 354. May 12, 2005:1–16.]

  • Mexican children (60%) were least likely and Puerto Rican children (72%) were most likely to have visited a dentist in the past year.[77 Scott G, Simile C. Access to Dental Care Among Hispanic or Latino Subgroups: United States, 2000–03. Advance Data from Health Statistics No. 354. May 12, 2005:1–16.]

  • Prevalence of unmet dental needs was highest among Mexican adults (12%) and lowest among Cuban adults (6%).[77 Scott G, Simile C. Access to Dental Care Among Hispanic or Latino Subgroups: United States, 2000–03. Advance Data from Health Statistics No. 354. May 12, 2005:1–16.]

  • Mexican children (9%) were more likely than Puerto Rican children (5%) and other Hispanic children (6%) to experience unmet dental needs due to cost.[77 Scott G, Simile C. Access to Dental Care Among Hispanic or Latino Subgroups: United States, 2000–03. Advance Data from Health Statistics No. 354. May 12, 2005:1–16.]

  • During 2009–2010, prevalence of periodontitis among Mexican adults aged 30 years and older was among the highest compared with white, non-Hispanic adults of the same the age group.[33 CDC Health Disparities & Inequalities Report — United States, 2013 (CHDIR). Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIRe...     ]

Non-communicable chronic diseases and risk factors

Heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death, accounting for about 2 of 5 deaths, which is about the same for white US residents.[44 CDC. Hispanic Health Vital Signs. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-health/index.html
http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-h... ]

Other comparisons with non-Hispanic white US residents:[44 CDC. Hispanic Health Vital Signs. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-health/index.html
http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-h... ]

  • 35% less heart disease and 49% less cancer

  • Lower death rate overall, but about a 50% higher death rate from diabetes or liver disease (Mexicans and Puerto Rican residents are about twice as likely to die from diabetes as white US residents. Mexican residents also are nearly twice as likely to die from chronic liver disease and cirrhosis as white US residents.)

  • 24% more poorly controlled high blood pressure

  • 23% more obesity

  • 28% less colorectal screening

  • Smoking overall among Hispanic US residents (14%) is less common than among white US residents (24%), but is high among Puerto Rican (26%) and Cuban men (22%).

  • A lower percentage of Hispanic adults aged 50–75 years reported being up to date with colorectal cancer screening in 2010 than their non-Hispanic adult counterparts.[33 CDC Health Disparities & Inequalities Report — United States, 2013 (CHDIR). Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIRe...     ]

  • Colorectal cancer screening varies for Hispanic US residents aged 50–75 years. About 40% of Cubans get screened (29% of men and 49% of women); about 58% of Puerto Ricans get screened (54% of men and 61% of women).[44 CDC. Hispanic Health Vital Signs. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-health/index.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-h...     ]

  • Hispanic US residents are as likely as white US residents to have high blood pressure. But Hispanic women with high blood pressure are twice as likely as Hispanic men to get it under control.[44 CDC. Hispanic Health Vital Signs. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-health/index.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-h...     ]

Non-communicable chronic diseases and risk factors

  • Differences in selected chronic disease prevalence (%)[88 CDC. National Health Interview Survey 2009–2013; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2012.]

  • The prevalence of obesity among female Mexican adults during 2007–2010 was higher than among female white, non-Hispanic adults during the same years (45% vs. 36%).[33 CDC Health Disparities & Inequalities Report — United States, 2013 (CHDIR). Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIRe...     ]

  • In 2010, the highest prevalence of diabetes was among Hispanic (10.3%) and non-Hispanic African American (10.6%) adults compared with white, non-Hispanic (6.0%) and Asian adults(8.9%).[33 CDC Health Disparities & Inequalities Report — United States, 2013 (CHDIR). Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIRe...     ]

  • Lower percentages of Mexican (31.8%) and non-Hispanic African-American (41.2%) adults with high blood pressure in 2010 had their blood pressure controlled compared with white, non-Hispanic adults (46.5%).[33 CDC Health Disparities & Inequalities Report — United States, 2013 (CHDIR). Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIRe...     ]

Communicable diseases

  • The estimated rate of new HIV infection among Hispanic US residents in the USA in 2010 was more than 3 times as high as that of white US residents (27.5 vs. 8.7 per 100,000 population).[99 CDC. HIV Among Latinos. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethnic/hispaniclatinos/index.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethn...     ]

  • At some point in their lives, an estimated 1 in 36 Hispanic men and 1 in 106 Hispanic women will be diagnosed with HIV.[99 CDC. HIV Among Latinos. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethnic/hispaniclatinos/index.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethn...     ]

  • In 2012, Hispanic US residents accounted for 22% (10,705) of the estimated 48,893 new diagnoses of HIV infection in the USA and 6 dependent areas.[99 CDC. HIV Among Latinos. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethnic/hispaniclatinos/index.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethn...     ]

  • In 2011, Hispanic US residents accounted for 20% (242,000) of the estimated 1.2 million people living with HIV infection in the USA.[99 CDC. HIV Among Latinos. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethnic/hispaniclatinos/index.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethn...     ]

  • In 2012, an estimated 5796 Hispanic US residents were diagnosed with HIV infection ever classified as stage 3 (AIDS) in the USA and 6 dependent areas.[99 CDC. HIV Among Latinos. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethnic/hispaniclatinos/index.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethn...     ]

  • By the end of 2011, an estimated 122,848 HispanicHispanic US residents who had ever been diagnosed with HIV infection ever classified as stage 3 (AIDS) had died in the USA and 6 dependent areas. In 2012, HIV was the seventh leading cause of death among Hispanic US residents aged 25–34 years in the USA and the ninth leading cause of death among Hispanic US residents aged 35–54 years.[99 CDC. HIV Among Latinos. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethnic/hispaniclatinos/index.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethn...     ]

  • In 2011, data from the National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS) and the Medical Monitoring Project showed that 80.8% of Hispanic/Latino US residents with diagnosed HIV infection were linked to care, 53.6% were retained in care, 49.8% were prescribed antiretroviral therapy, and 41.3% had achieved viral suppression.[99 CDC. HIV Among Latinos. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethnic/hispaniclatinos/index.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racial-ethn...     ]

  • Among Hispanic US residents aged ≥6 months a smaller percentage were vaccinated against influenza during the 2010–2011 influenza season than white, non-Hispanic persons of the same age group.[33 CDC Health Disparities & Inequalities Report — United States, 2013 (CHDIR). Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIRe...     ]

  • *
    Hispanic used throughout, following the definition of the US Office of Management and Budget for “Hispanic or Latino”: “a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.” Brazilian Americans not included.[11 CDC. Minority Health. Hispanic or Latino population. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/populations/REMP/hispanic.html
    http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/popula...     ]

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Oct 2015
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Medical Education Cooperation with Cuba Oakland - California - United States
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