Supplement ELSI-Brazil, Original Article • Rev. Saúde Pública 52 (Suppl 2) 25 Oct 2018 • https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000635   copy

Falls among Brazilian older adults living in urban areas: ELSI-Brazil

Wendel Rodrigo Teixeira Pimentel Valéria Pagotto Sheila Rizzato Stopa Maria Cristina Corrêa Lopes Hoffmann Fabíola Bof de Andrade Paulo Roberto Borges de Souza Junior Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa Ruth Losada de Menezes About the authors

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To assess the prevalence and factors associated with falls in a nationally representative sample of older Brazilians residing in urban areas.

METHODS

Data from 4,174 participants (60 years or older) from the baseline of ELSI-Brazil, conducted between 2015 and 2016, were used. The outcome variable was the reporting of one or more falls in the last 12 months. The exploratory variables were sociodemographic characteristics, factors related to the urban environment, and health conditions. Statistical analysis was performed using Poisson regression.

RESULTS

The prevalence of falls was 25.1%. Of these, 1.8% resulted in a hip or femur fracture and, among them, 31.8% required surgery for prosthesis placement. Statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) with falls were observed for females [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.26], age group of 75 years or older (PR = 1.21), fear of falling due to defective sidewalks (PR = 1.47), fear of crossing streets (PR = 1.22), diabetes (PR = 1.17), arthritis or rheumatism (PR = 1.29), and depression (PR = 1.53). No significant associations were found for educational level, marital status, hypertension, and perception of violence in the neighborhood.

CONCLUSIONS

The factors associated with falls among older adults are multidimensional, comprising individual characteristics and the urban environment, which indicates the need for intra and intersectoral actions to prevent falls in this population.

Aged; Accidental Falls; Socioeconomic Factors; Epidemiological Surveys; Associated Factors

INTRODUCTION

Falls are considered a public health problem, given their prevalence and repercussions for the health of the world’s aged population. People of all ages are at risk of falling. However, for older adults, a fall represents a particularly relevant event, since this event may restrict activities of daily living, cause fear of falling again, fractures and hospitalizations, leading to an increased risk of disability and mortality11. Khow KSF, Visvanathan R. Falls in the aging population. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017;33(3):357-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2017.03.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2017.03.0... .

The proportion of older people falling differs between countries. In the Americas, the prevalence of falls in community-dwelling older adults varies between 20% in Canada22. Chang VC, Do MT. Risk factors for falls among seniors: implications of gender. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(7):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268... and 35% in Chile33. Ministerio de Salud (CL). Manual de prevención de caídas en el adulto mayor. Santiago; 2010 [cited 2017 Nov 20]. Available from: http://web.minsal.cl/portal/url/item/ab1f8c5957eb9d59e04001011e016ad7.pdf
http://web.minsal.cl/portal/url/item/ab1... . Among the Europeans, 28.4% of the English44. Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):789-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129... reported having fallen in the last two years and 19.4% of Irish55. Bhangu J, King-Kallimanis BL, Donoghue OA, Carroll L, Kenny RA. Falls, non-accidental falls and syncope in community-dwelling adults aged 50 years and older: implications for cardiovascular assessment. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180997. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180997
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.018... had fallen in the last year. In Brazil, the prevalence of falls in the previous year varies between 10% and 35%, according to the population studied66. Prato SCF, Andrade SM, Cabrera MAS, Dip RM, Santos HG, Dellaroza MSG, et al. Frequência e fatores associados a quedas em adultos com 55 anos e mais. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:37. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2017051005409
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.20170...

7. Pimentel WRT, Pagotto V, Nakatani AYK, Pereira LV, Menezes RL. Quedas e qualidade de vida: associação com aspectos emocionais em idosos comunitários. Geriatr Gerontol Aging. 2015;9(2):42-8.

8. Pereira GN, Morsh P, Lopes DGC, Trevisan MD, Ribeiro A, Navarro JHN, et al. Fatores socioambientais associados à ocorrência de quedas em idosos. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(12):3507-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001200007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201300...

9. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Silveira DS, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, et al. Prevalence of falls in eldery in Brazil: a countrywide analysis. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27(9):1819-26. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000900015
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... -1010. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, Silveira DS, et al. Prevalência de quedas em idosos e fatores associados. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):749-56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000500009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700... . Different risk factors for the occurrence of falls in older adults may act alone or in association with other factors. Studies associations of falls with female gender22. Chang VC, Do MT. Risk factors for falls among seniors: implications of gender. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(7):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268... ,44. Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):789-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129... ,66. Prato SCF, Andrade SM, Cabrera MAS, Dip RM, Santos HG, Dellaroza MSG, et al. Frequência e fatores associados a quedas em adultos com 55 anos e mais. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:37. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2017051005409
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.20170... ,77. Pimentel WRT, Pagotto V, Nakatani AYK, Pereira LV, Menezes RL. Quedas e qualidade de vida: associação com aspectos emocionais em idosos comunitários. Geriatr Gerontol Aging. 2015;9(2):42-8., advanced age44. Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):789-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129...

5. Bhangu J, King-Kallimanis BL, Donoghue OA, Carroll L, Kenny RA. Falls, non-accidental falls and syncope in community-dwelling adults aged 50 years and older: implications for cardiovascular assessment. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180997. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180997
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.018... -66. Prato SCF, Andrade SM, Cabrera MAS, Dip RM, Santos HG, Dellaroza MSG, et al. Frequência e fatores associados a quedas em adultos com 55 anos e mais. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:37. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2017051005409
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.20170... ,1010. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, Silveira DS, et al. Prevalência de quedas em idosos e fatores associados. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):749-56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000500009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700... , marital status (divorced), living alone22. Chang VC, Do MT. Risk factors for falls among seniors: implications of gender. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(7):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268... ,1111. Soares WJS, Moraes AS, Ferriolli E, Perracini MR. Fatores associados a quedas e quedas recorrentes em idosos: estudo de base populacional. Rev Bra. Geriatr Gerontol. 2014;17(1):49-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1809-98232014000100006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1809-9823201400... , fear of falls1212. Litwin H, Erlich B, Dunsky A. The complex association between fear of falling and mobility limitation in relation to late-life falls: a SHARE-based analysis. J Aging Health. 2018;30(6):987-1008. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264317704096
https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264317704096... ,1313. Gomez F, MA YYW, Auais M, Vafaei A, Zunzunegui MV. A simple algorithm to predict falls in primary care patients aged 65 to 74 years: The International Mobility in Aging Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18(9):774-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.03.021
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.03.... , poor rated health 1010. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, Silveira DS, et al. Prevalência de quedas em idosos e fatores associados. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):749-56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000500009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700... ,1414. Carneiro JA, Ramos GCF, Barbosa ATF, Vieira EDS, Silva JSR, Caldeira AP. Quedas em idosos não institucionalizados no norte de Minas Gerais: prevalência e fatores associados. Rev Bras.Geriatr.Gerontol. 2016;19(4):613-25. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-98232016019.150110
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-98232016019... , depression1515. Briggs R, Kennelly PS, Kenny RA. Does baseline depression increase the risk of unexplained and accidental falls in a cohort of community dwelling older people? Data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(2):e205-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4770
https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4770... , use of medication on regular basis1010. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, Silveira DS, et al. Prevalência de quedas em idosos e fatores associados. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):749-56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000500009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700... , chronic diseases44. Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):789-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129... , worse vision or hearing1616. Smith AA, Silva AO, Rodrigues RAP, Moreira MASP, Nogueira JA, Tura LFR. Assessment of risk of falls in elderly living at home. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2017;25:e 2754. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.0671.2754
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.0671.2... ,1717. Gopinath B, McMahon CM, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P. Hearing and vision impairment and the 5-year incidence of falls in older adults. Age Ageing. 2016;45(3):409-14. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw022
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw022... , among other health problems, and inadequate environmental factors88. Pereira GN, Morsh P, Lopes DGC, Trevisan MD, Ribeiro A, Navarro JHN, et al. Fatores socioambientais associados à ocorrência de quedas em idosos. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(12):3507-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001200007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201300... .

The prevention of this problem represents a great challenge for older adults, the family, the community, professionals, and health systems11. Khow KSF, Visvanathan R. Falls in the aging population. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017;33(3):357-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2017.03.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2017.03.0... , among them the public health system in Brazil (Unified Health System -SUS). Information on this subject is essential to subsidize decisions about prevention and actions, as well as to plan public policies for this population. Although there were several studies on falls66. Prato SCF, Andrade SM, Cabrera MAS, Dip RM, Santos HG, Dellaroza MSG, et al. Frequência e fatores associados a quedas em adultos com 55 anos e mais. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:37. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2017051005409
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.20170...

7. Pimentel WRT, Pagotto V, Nakatani AYK, Pereira LV, Menezes RL. Quedas e qualidade de vida: associação com aspectos emocionais em idosos comunitários. Geriatr Gerontol Aging. 2015;9(2):42-8.

8. Pereira GN, Morsh P, Lopes DGC, Trevisan MD, Ribeiro A, Navarro JHN, et al. Fatores socioambientais associados à ocorrência de quedas em idosos. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(12):3507-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001200007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201300...

9. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Silveira DS, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, et al. Prevalence of falls in eldery in Brazil: a countrywide analysis. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27(9):1819-26. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000900015
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100...

10. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, Silveira DS, et al. Prevalência de quedas em idosos e fatores associados. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):749-56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000500009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700... -1111. Soares WJS, Moraes AS, Ferriolli E, Perracini MR. Fatores associados a quedas e quedas recorrentes em idosos: estudo de base populacional. Rev Bra. Geriatr Gerontol. 2014;17(1):49-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1809-98232014000100006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1809-9823201400... , only one of them99. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Silveira DS, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, et al. Prevalence of falls in eldery in Brazil: a countrywide analysis. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27(9):1819-26. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000900015
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... was conducted in a representative sample of the Brazilian older population. This study was conducted in 2009 and showed a prevalence of falls that varied between 18% in the North region and 20% in the Southeast region. A recent review of the literature points to the need to carry out new Brazilian studies on the subject1818. Sandoval RA, Sá ACAM, Menezes RL, Nakatani AYK, Bachion AM. Ocorrência de quedas em idosos não institucionalizados: revisão sistemática da literatura. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2013;16(4):855-63. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1809-98232013000400019
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1809-9823201300... .

The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of falls among Brazilian older adults living in urban areas and to examine their association with sociodemographic characteristics, factors related to the urban environment, and health conditions.

METHODS

Data from the baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), conducted between 2015 and 2016, were used. The sample was designed to represent the non-institutionalized Brazilian population aged 50 years or older. It is a complex sample, based on different stages of selection, including municipality, census tract, and household. The research was conducted in 70 municipalities located in different regions of the country. The baseline of the study was made up of all residents in the sampled households, in the mentioned age group. The sample size was estimated at 10,000 individuals (9,412 participated). Among the participants, 85% lived in urban areas, according to the classification of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), similar to that observed for the Brazilian population at the corresponding age1919. Lima-Costa MF, Andrade FB, Souza Jr PRB, Neri AL, Duarte YAO, Castro-Costa E, et al. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil): objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(7):1345-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx387
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx387... . For the present analysis, all the participants of the survey, aged 60 years and older, living in an urban area (n = 4,533) were eligible. More details on the ELSI-Brazil can be found on the research homepageaaFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging. Rio de Janeiro; c2015 [cited 2017 Nov 28]. Available from: http://elsi.cpqrr.fiocruz.br and in a previous publication1919. Lima-Costa MF, Andrade FB, Souza Jr PRB, Neri AL, Duarte YAO, Castro-Costa E, et al. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil): objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(7):1345-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx387
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx387... .

The dependent variable of the study was the occurrence of one or more falls, the information of which was obtained from the question: “In the last 12 months, did you have any falls?” Fall was defined as “an unintentional displacement of the body to a level lower than the initial position, incapable of correction in a timely manner, as determined by multifactorial conditions that compromise stability”2020. Studensk S, Wolter L. Instabilidade e quedas. In: Duthie EH, Katz PR (organizadores). Geriatria prática. 3. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Revinter; 2002. p.193-200.. Among the descriptive variables, we also considered hip or femur fractures and the need for surgery for prosthesis placement.

The independent variables included sociodemographic characteristics, factors related to the urban environment, and health conditions. The sociodemographic characteristics considered were: gender; age group (60-64, 65-74, and 75 years or older); marital status (married, single or divorced or separated, and widower); (illiterate, 1-4, 5-8, and nine years or more of formal schooling). Among the factors of the urban environment, we considered: fear of falling due defective sidewalks; afraid to cross the street; and perception of neighborhood security in relation to violence. The indicators of health condition considered were previous medical diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, arthritis or rheumatism, and depression.

Statistical analyzes of the associations between the independent variables and the occurrence of falls were based on estimates of prevalence ratios estimated by using Poisson regression. Initially, the associations of each independent variable with the outcome were examined by adjustments for age and gender. Subsequently, the final multivariate analysis was performed, with mutual adjustments for all the covariates already described. These variables entered simultaneously into the final multivariate model since they did not show evidence of collinearity (Variance inflation factor < 5.0). The analyzes were performed using the statistical package Stata, version 14.0, using the survey module (svy), which considers the effects of the complex sample.

ELSI-Brazil was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Minas Gerais (CAAE 34649814.3.0000.5091). All participants signed a free and informed consent form.

RESULTS

Of the 4,533 participants eligible for the study, 4,174 had complete information for all variables and were included in the analysis. Among these, the average age was 70.2 years (95%CI 69.6–70.7), and female gender predominated (56.6%). Other characteristics of the study participants can be seen in Table 1.

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Table 1
Characteristic of the 4,174 participants in the sample. Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), 2015-2016.

The occurrence of at least one fall in the last 12 months was reported by 25.1% (95%CI 23.6–26.7) of the participants. This prevalence was higher among women (30.2%, 95%CI 28.3–32.2) than men (18.4%, 95%CI 16.2–20.8). At the time of these falls, 1.8% (95%CI 1.1–2.9) fractured the hip or the femur, of which 31.8% (95%CI 13.4–58.4) required surgery for prosthesis placement. For both genders, the occurrence of falls was greater in the age group of 75 years or older (Figure).

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Figure
Prevalence of one or more falls in the last 12 months, according to gender and age group. Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), 2015-2016.

Table 2 shows the results of the age-gender adjusted analysis of the association between falls and sociodemographic characteristics. Statistically significant associations were observed only for female gender and age group 75 years and older.

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Table 2
Prevalence of one or more falls in the last 12 months and its association with sociodemographic characteristics. Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), 2015-2016.

As shown in Table 3, in the results of the age-gender adjusted analyzes showed statistically significant associations with the occurrence of falls for: fear of falling due to defective sidewalks, fear of crossing streets, and self-reported diabetes, arthritis or rheumatism, and depression.

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Table 3
Prevalence of one or more falls in the last 12 months and its association with characteristics of the urban environment and health conditions. Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), 2015-2016.

The final results of the multivariate analysis are shown in Table 4. In the final model, we observed that falls remained significantly associated with female gender (PR = 1.26), age group 75 years or older (PR = 1.21), fear of falling due to defective sidewalks (PR = 1.47), fear of crossing streets (PR = 1.22), diabetes (PR = 1.17), arthritis or rheumatism (PR = 1.20), and depression (PR = 1.53).

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Table 4
Statistically significant results of the multivariate analysis of associations between one or more falls in the last 12 months and sociodemographic characteristics, urban environment, and health conditions. Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), 2015-2016.

DISCUSSION

The results of the present study show that, among older people living in urban areas, the factors associated with the occurrence of falls are multidimensional. Regarding sociodemographic characteristics, gender and age showed independent associations with the outcome. However, even in view of the great social disparities observed in the health conditions of the Brazilian older adults2121. Lima-Costa MF, Facchini LA, Matos DL, Macinko J. Mudanças em dez anos das desigualdades sociais em saúde dos idosos brasileiros (1998-2008). Rev Saude Publica 2012;46 Supl 1:100-7. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102012005000059
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910201200... , the propensity for falls did not vary by level of education. The urban environment was associated with the occurrence of falls, and those who are afraid to fall due to defective sidewalks and who fear crossing streets were more likely to the outcome. In contrast, the perception of neighborhood security was not associated with the outcome. Among health conditions, diabetes, arthritis or rheumatism, and depression showed independent associations with the occurrence of falls. Among these, the strongest association was observed for depression.

The definition of falls in large surveys considers its occurrence in the 12 to 24 months preceding the interview, with a predominance of studies that cover the 12-month period. The prevalence found in ELSI-Brazil participants is within the international range and that observed in different Brazilian studies22. Chang VC, Do MT. Risk factors for falls among seniors: implications of gender. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(7):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268...

3. Ministerio de Salud (CL). Manual de prevención de caídas en el adulto mayor. Santiago; 2010 [cited 2017 Nov 20]. Available from: http://web.minsal.cl/portal/url/item/ab1f8c5957eb9d59e04001011e016ad7.pdf
http://web.minsal.cl/portal/url/item/ab1...

4. Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):789-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129...

5. Bhangu J, King-Kallimanis BL, Donoghue OA, Carroll L, Kenny RA. Falls, non-accidental falls and syncope in community-dwelling adults aged 50 years and older: implications for cardiovascular assessment. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180997. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180997
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.018...

6. Prato SCF, Andrade SM, Cabrera MAS, Dip RM, Santos HG, Dellaroza MSG, et al. Frequência e fatores associados a quedas em adultos com 55 anos e mais. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:37. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2017051005409
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.20170...

7. Pimentel WRT, Pagotto V, Nakatani AYK, Pereira LV, Menezes RL. Quedas e qualidade de vida: associação com aspectos emocionais em idosos comunitários. Geriatr Gerontol Aging. 2015;9(2):42-8.

8. Pereira GN, Morsh P, Lopes DGC, Trevisan MD, Ribeiro A, Navarro JHN, et al. Fatores socioambientais associados à ocorrência de quedas em idosos. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(12):3507-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001200007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201300...

9. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Silveira DS, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, et al. Prevalence of falls in eldery in Brazil: a countrywide analysis. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27(9):1819-26. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000900015
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... -1010. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, Silveira DS, et al. Prevalência de quedas em idosos e fatores associados. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):749-56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000500009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700... . Regarding those who reported having fallen, 1.8% had a hip or femur fracture and, of these, about one third required surgery for prosthesis placement. These findings corroborate other studies that have identified this type of fracture as one of the most serious consequences of falls99. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Silveira DS, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, et al. Prevalence of falls in eldery in Brazil: a countrywide analysis. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27(9):1819-26. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000900015
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... ,1010. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, Silveira DS, et al. Prevalência de quedas em idosos e fatores associados. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):749-56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000500009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700... . Falls have repercussions for the individual and their families, but also for the health system. In fact, the Brazilian public health system (SUS) spent more than one billion reais (i.e. about 250 million US dolars) on hospitalizations of older adults due to hip or femur fracture between 2002 and 20162222. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Departamento de Informática do SUS. Brasília (DF); 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 20]. Available from: http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php?area=02
http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index... .

The association between older age and female gender with falls is consistent with most national and international studies on the subject22. Chang VC, Do MT. Risk factors for falls among seniors: implications of gender. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(7):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268... ,44. Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):789-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129...

5. Bhangu J, King-Kallimanis BL, Donoghue OA, Carroll L, Kenny RA. Falls, non-accidental falls and syncope in community-dwelling adults aged 50 years and older: implications for cardiovascular assessment. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180997. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180997
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.018... -66. Prato SCF, Andrade SM, Cabrera MAS, Dip RM, Santos HG, Dellaroza MSG, et al. Frequência e fatores associados a quedas em adultos com 55 anos e mais. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:37. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2017051005409
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.20170... ,99. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Silveira DS, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, et al. Prevalence of falls in eldery in Brazil: a countrywide analysis. Cad Saude Publica. 2011;27(9):1819-26. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2011000900015
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201100... ,1616. Smith AA, Silva AO, Rodrigues RAP, Moreira MASP, Nogueira JA, Tura LFR. Assessment of risk of falls in elderly living at home. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2017;25:e 2754. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.0671.2754
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.0671.2... . Regarding gender, the greater longevity of women might explain this association, since a greater proportion of older women are exposed to different diseases2323. Nascimento JS, Tavares DMS. Prevalência e fatores associados a quedas em idosos. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2016;25(2):e0360015. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072016000360015
https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072016000... . In addition, older women usually present more unfavorable health and functional conditions, with greater fragility, obesity, and limitations in performing daily living activities, which may favor a greater probability of falls22. Chang VC, Do MT. Risk factors for falls among seniors: implications of gender. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(7):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268... ,44. Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):789-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129... . Regarding age , it is a consensus in the literature that, in older patients, the occurrence of falls is higher22. Chang VC, Do MT. Risk factors for falls among seniors: implications of gender. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(7):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268... ,44. Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):789-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129... ,55. Bhangu J, King-Kallimanis BL, Donoghue OA, Carroll L, Kenny RA. Falls, non-accidental falls and syncope in community-dwelling adults aged 50 years and older: implications for cardiovascular assessment. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180997. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180997
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.018... , since the advancement of age increases the predisposition to loss of muscle mass and bone density, with consequent postural instability and changes in gait and balance, conditions associated with the occurrence of falls44. Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):789-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129... .

Something new in this study refers to the analysis of the association between factors related to the urban environment and falls at the national level. In the last decade, the World Health Organization has launched the Global Age-Friendly Cities Project2424. World Health Organization. Global Age-Friendly Cities: a guide. Geneva: WHO; 2007 [cited 2017 Nov 20]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ageing/publications/Global_age_friendly_cities_Guide_English.pdf
http://www.who.int/ageing/publications/G... , with recommendations for adapting the urban environment to the needs of older people. The objectives expressed in that document include safety for locomotion in the streets and buildings, accessibility, lack of barriers, and encouraging participation in civic and cultural activities and voluntary work. Our results are worrying. About half of the older adults in urban areas reported being afraid of falling due to defective sidewalks and fear of crossing streets, while a third considered their neighborhood very insecure due to violence. In this analysis, the fear of failing due to defective sidewalks and the fear of crossing the streets emerged as factors independently associated with the occurrence of falls. The rapid aging of the Brazilian population living in urban areas makes the adaptation of the urban environment to this new demographic context one of the priorities of public policies. The recent initiative of the Brazilian Ministry of Social Development, the Age-Friendly Strategy, developed with several partners2525. Brasil. Decreto Nº 9.328, de 3 de abril de 2018. Institui a Estratégia Brasil Amigo da Pessoa Idosa. Diario Oficial Uniao. 4 abr 2018 [cited 2017 Nov 20]; Seção 1:12. Available from: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2015-2018/2018/Decreto/D9328.htm
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_At... to support the cities that are friendly to the aged, is in line with this concern.

The results of this analysis show that older adults with diabetes and with arthritis or rheumatism are respectively 17% and 20% more likely to have had one or more falls in the previous year. The association between falls and health conditions is in line with that shown in the literature22. Chang VC, Do MT. Risk factors for falls among seniors: implications of gender. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(7):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268... ,1010. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, Silveira DS, et al. Prevalência de quedas em idosos e fatores associados. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):749-56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000500009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700... ,1111. Soares WJS, Moraes AS, Ferriolli E, Perracini MR. Fatores associados a quedas e quedas recorrentes em idosos: estudo de base populacional. Rev Bra. Geriatr Gerontol. 2014;17(1):49-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1809-98232014000100006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1809-9823201400... ,1414. Carneiro JA, Ramos GCF, Barbosa ATF, Vieira EDS, Silva JSR, Caldeira AP. Quedas em idosos não institucionalizados no norte de Minas Gerais: prevalência e fatores associados. Rev Bras.Geriatr.Gerontol. 2016;19(4):613-25. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-98232016019.150110
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-98232016019... ,1616. Smith AA, Silva AO, Rodrigues RAP, Moreira MASP, Nogueira JA, Tura LFR. Assessment of risk of falls in elderly living at home. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2017;25:e 2754. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.0671.2754
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.0671.2... . This association can be explained by the complications of these diseases. In the case of diabetes, complications – such as decreased visual acuity and neuropathy – may lead older adults to decrease their activities and this restriction increases their risks of falling22. Chang VC, Do MT. Risk factors for falls among seniors: implications of gender. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(7):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268... . In addition, a recent study2626. Tyrovolas S, Koyangi A, Olaya B, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Miret M, Chatterji S, et al. Factors associated with skeletal muscle mass, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a multi-continent study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7(3):312-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12076
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12076... showed that sustained hyperglycemia is related to loss of muscle mass and strength, which may also justify the observed association. In relation to arthritis and rheumatism, the higher prevalence of falls can be explained by increased stiffness and joint pain, which lead to instability in walking and alterations in the balance22. Chang VC, Do MT. Risk factors for falls among seniors: implications of gender. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(7):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268... ,1111. Soares WJS, Moraes AS, Ferriolli E, Perracini MR. Fatores associados a quedas e quedas recorrentes em idosos: estudo de base populacional. Rev Bra. Geriatr Gerontol. 2014;17(1):49-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1809-98232014000100006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1809-9823201400... . As for depression, the health condition that showed the strongest association with falls, our results are in line with those observed in Ireland1515. Briggs R, Kennelly PS, Kenny RA. Does baseline depression increase the risk of unexplained and accidental falls in a cohort of community dwelling older people? Data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(2):e205-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4770
https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4770... and in British men44. Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):789-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129... , as well as in a meta-analysis that showed that older adults with depressive symptoms are 50 % more likely to fall2727. Kvelde T, McVeigh C, Toson B, Greenway M, Lord SR, Delbaere K, et al. Depressive symptomatology as a risk factor for falls in older people: systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(5):694‐706. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12209
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12209... . In this analysis, the likelihood of falling was 53% higher among those who had had a medical diagnosis of depression.

Falls are health sentinel events in old age. The occurrence of a fall should signal to the health team the need for differentiated attention. Our results show the relevance of the health conditions for the occurrence of falls, emphasizing the importance of the health sector for the prevention and rehabilitation consequent to this aggravation. As a strategic action in this sector, we have pointed out the use of instruments that help primary care professionals and other care levels to identify both the occurrence of falls and the factors that may be related to them. In Brazil, the fourth edition of the Health Record of the Aged Person2828. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde, Departamento de Ações Programáticas Estratégicas. Caderneta de saúde da pessoa idosa. 4.ed. Brasília (DF); 2017 [cited 2017 Nov 20]. Available from: http://portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2017/setembro/27/CADERNETA-PESSOA-IDOSA-2017-Capa-miolo.pdf
http://portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br/imag... (Caderneta de Saúde da Pessoa Idosa), launched by the Ministry of Health in 2017, addresses the issue of falls, both from the identification of its occurrence and through illustrated guidelines for its prevention. The Record asks questions about the location of the fall and possible physical and emotional consequences. In a multidimensional assessment context, this information can be worked together with the environmental assessment and health conditions of the aged.. Other instruments that enable the identification and prevention of risk factors for falls can also be used as a health care strategy for the aged. In addition to identifying the occurrence of falls, it is important to implement preventive actions involving multidisciplinary teams11. Khow KSF, Visvanathan R. Falls in the aging population. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017;33(3):357-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2017.03.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2017.03.0... . Professionals working in different Primary Care settings (such as the Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica [Nasf-AB] and the Programa Academia da Saúde) should plan preventive actions such as dance, Tai Chi Chuan, muscle strengthening exercises, balance and motor coordination exercises2929. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde, Departamento de Ações Programáticas Estratégicas. Saúde da pessoa idosa: orientações técnicas para a implementação de linha de cuidado para atenção integral à saúde da pessoa idosa no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Brasília (DF); 2018. No prelo., as well as other activities that may benefit the different dimensions of the health of older adults.

The main advantage of this study is its large population base and the inclusion of environmental aspects that had not yet been considered in fall studies. Among the limitations of the study, is obtaining information on falls by means of self-report, which, although usual in studies on the subject22. Chang VC, Do MT. Risk factors for falls among seniors: implications of gender. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(7):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu268... ,44. Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):789-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129...

5. Bhangu J, King-Kallimanis BL, Donoghue OA, Carroll L, Kenny RA. Falls, non-accidental falls and syncope in community-dwelling adults aged 50 years and older: implications for cardiovascular assessment. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180997. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180997
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.018...

6. Prato SCF, Andrade SM, Cabrera MAS, Dip RM, Santos HG, Dellaroza MSG, et al. Frequência e fatores associados a quedas em adultos com 55 anos e mais. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:37. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2017051005409
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.20170... -77. Pimentel WRT, Pagotto V, Nakatani AYK, Pereira LV, Menezes RL. Quedas e qualidade de vida: associação com aspectos emocionais em idosos comunitários. Geriatr Gerontol Aging. 2015;9(2):42-8.,1010. Siqueira FV, Facchini LA, Piccini RX, Tomasi E, Thumé E, Silveira DS, et al. Prevalência de quedas em idosos e fatores associados. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):749-56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000500009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700... , may underestimate its occurrence, since older adults may not remember the falls they considered to be of lesser gravity. Another limitation refers to the difficulty of establishing temporal relationships due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. For example, associations with the fear of falling and crossing streets may be consequences of previous falls, a phenomenon known as reverse causality. This, however, does not diminish the importance of our results, which can subsidize policies for improvements in the urban environment aimed at preventing further falls.

In summary, our results show a high prevalence of falls among older adults living in urban areas. Applying the prevalence of 25% to the absolute number of the population aged 60 years and over living in urban areas in Brazil (25 million)3030. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2015: síntese de indicadores. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2015 [cited 2017 Nov 20]. Available from: https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/pesquisas/pesquisa_resultados.php?id_pesquisa=40
https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica... , we estimate that approximately 6.2 million old people would have fallen in the last year. The findings also show that the factors associated with falls among older adults are multidimensional, pointing to the need for intra and intersectoral actions that consider the integrality of care for their prevention.

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  • Funding: The ELSI-Brazil baseline study was supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (DECIT/SCTIE – Department of Science and Technology from the Secretariat of Science, Technology and Strategic Inputs (Grant 404965/2012-1); COSAPI/DAPES/SAS – Healthcare Coordination of Older Adults, Department of Strategic and Programmatic Actions from the Secretariat of Health Care) (Grants 20836, 22566, and 23700); and the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    25 Oct 2018

History

  • Received
    19 Dec 2017
  • Accepted
    18 Apr 2018
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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revsp@org.usp.br
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