Characteristics of research on child labor in Latin America

Gisella Cristina de Oliveira Silva Jorge Alberto Bernstein Iriart Sônia Cristina Lima Chaves Erik Asley Ferreira Abade About the authors

Abstract

The current study analyzed the characteristics of research on child labor in Latin America from 2004 to 2014. A total of 114 studies were identified in the LILACS and SciELO databases. The articles were categorized according to the concepts of field and social agents, as in Pierre Bourdieu, highlighting the authors, places of publication, objects, and discourses. An increase was observed in the research output during this period, specifically since 2006. Brazil held a dominant position in the research with 80.7% of the total publications, followed by Colombia, Argentina, and Mexico. The objects of study are mostly qualitative approaches (55.3%), and half of the articles are indexed in Qualis B1 journals or higher. However, only 14.9% of the studies had received funding. The authors have various backgrounds, featuring participation by psychologists (26.3%), nurses (17.5%), and economists (13.2%). The studies are situated in subareas of the Human Sciences, consisting of the discourses of Social and Developmental Psychology; Health Sciences, featuring epidemiological studies, based on concepts from occupational health nursing; and the subarea of Applied Social Sciences with studies in economics. The objects of studies on child labor focus their interest on its relationship to health, education, work, and social assistance, with little interdisciplinarity in the publications.

Keywords:
Child Labor; Chil; Adolescent; Qualitative Research


Introduction

Child labor, as a product of the social world, is structured by (and in turn structures) various social practices. In the scientific field, research on child labor has focused on understanding he multiple objects of study and discussions from various points of view referring to health, work, law, education, economics, politics, and social assistance. Despite progress in recent decades in the legal framework for the protection of children and adolescents in Brazil and the social mobilization in relation to child labor, there are still important gaps in confronting it, which poses a major social problem, especially in developing countries.

The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimated that in 2015, 168 million children and adolescents from 5 to 17 years of age were participating in the labor market worldwide. In Latin America alone, there were 12.5 million children. The ban and elimination of the worst forms of child labor, including drug trafficking and homicides and sexual and commercial exploitation, is one of the Sustainable Development Goals, providing for its eradication in all its forms by the year 2025 11. International Labour Office. World report on child labour: paving the way to decent work for young people. Geneva: International Labour Office; 2015.,22. Bureau of International Labor Affairs. Findings on the worst forms of child labor. Washington DC: Bureau of International Labor Affairs; 2016..

Despite the increase in research on child labor, such research consists of studies that seek to identify its general characteristics 33. Guimarães RM, Asmus CIRF. Tendência temporal do trabalho infantil no Brasil, 1992-2006. Cad Saúde Colet (Rio J.) 2010; 18:404-9. and/or assess social policies and program 44. Carvalho IMM. Algumas lições do Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil. São Paulo Perspec 2004; 18:50-61. aimed at its elimination. The review studies address specific problems such as working children’s socioeconomic and demographic characteristics 55. Frenzel HS, Bardagi MP. Adolescentes trabalhadores brasileiros: um breve estudo bibliométrico. Rev Psicol Organ Trab 2014; 14:79-88. and the consequences for their health and education 66. Val MB, Tambellini AT. A violência do trabalho infantil: aspectos sanitários, políticos, jurídico-legais e sociais - uma revisão da literatura. Cad Saúde Colet (Rio J.) 2006; 14:113-40.. No reviews were found that analyze the Latin American research output as a whole, considering the authors, methods, objects, and principal contributions.

Given the above, the current review investigates the characteristics of the scientific research on child labor in Latin America since ratification of two important International Labor Conventions conducted by the ILO, which constitute the two main pillars of the global struggle against child labor, namely n. 138 on the minimum age for admission to employment (1973) and n. 182 on the elimination of the worst forms of child labor (1999), enforced since 2003 by the vast majority of the ILO member states 77. Antão de Carvalho HJ, Gomes AV, Mourão Romero A, Sprandel MA, Villafañe Udry T. Análise e recomendações para a melhor regulamentação e cumprimento da normativa nacional e internacional sobre o trabalho de crianças e adolescentes no Brasil. Brasília: Organização Internacional do Trabalho, Programa IPEC Sudamérica; 2003..

It is thus pertinent to understand how the space for research on child labor plays out in the scientific field, in order to analyze the objects of interest in greater detail, the ones considered important and interesting by peers to the point of meriting research efforts, as well the legitimate discourses, that is, the discourses on a given object of study that are recognized and consecrated by peers as adequate for explaining the reality. Since these discourses are the product of the scientific field, they may be competing with each other, according to the different positions occupied by the researchers 88. Bourdieu P. Os usos sociais da ciência: por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP; 2004.,99. Bourdieu P. A economia das trocas linguísticas: o que falar quer dizer. São Paulo: EdUSP; 1996..

As the theoretical reference, we adopt the approach of Pierre Bourdieu’s reflexive sociology, specifically based on the notion of scientific field as a relatively autonomous space with its own laws and logics, including relationships of force and domination, and as such making impositions and requests; in this circuit, what is at stake is the monopoly of scientific authority and of scientific competence, defined here as the capacity to speak and act legitimately, which is socially acknowledged for an agent by the objective relationships between the agents in that space.

The space for research on child labor in Latin America includes the relations of force of the agents in the various subareas of the scientific field engaged in competition over a common object, i.e., the delineation of a field of problems, the methods, and the existing theories in the social hierarchy in structuring their capital of scientific credit 88. Bourdieu P. Os usos sociais da ciência: por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP; 2004.,1010. Bourdieu P. Razões práticas: sobre a teoria da ação. 11ª Ed. Campinas: Papirus; 2011.,1111. Bourdieu P. O campo científico. In: Ortiz R, organizador. Pierre Bourdieu: sociologia. São Paulo: Editora Ática; 1983. p. 122-55..

The current study did not seek to reconstruct the entire structure of this specific and dated scientific space, but to describe the authors and analyze the set of objects of studies, the legitimate discourses, the places of publication, and the issues in the debate on this theme in Latin America in recent years.

In short, this study grasped some elements of the research and the social properties of the authors and their objects, drawing on analysis of the characteristics of the research on child labor in Latin America from 2004 to 2014.

Methodological aspects

A literature review was conducted of the articles published from 2004 a 2014, representing the first ten years since publication of the National Plan for the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor and for the Protection of Adolescent Workers, considered a milestone in the Brazilian state’s action for the elimination of child labor. The databases LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in the Health Sciences) and SCIELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) were chosen because they index studies conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean. We used the descriptors in Social Sciences in Health (DeCS) in Portuguese and Spanish: trabalho de menores; trabajo de menores; trabalho infantil; trabalho de crianças; trabalho de adolescentes; trabalho infanto-juvenil; trabalho precoce.

Two independent reviewers read the abstracts of the articles that had been identified. Eligibility criteria were studies published in article format, that addressed child labor, and with their full texts available. Articles were excluded if they did not address the theme of child labor, did not present the full text, or that were not available on the internet, as well as duplicate publications between the databases and texts in other formats such as book chapters, technical standards, manuals, theses, dissertations, monographs, technical reports, and institutional documents.

The data analysis was preceded by reading and cataloguing the articles and establishing a databank in Excel (https://products.office.com/) spreadsheet, systematizing information on the scientific periodicals, the authors, and the objects of studies, which were grouped in themes that emerged during analysis of the selected articles.

Analysis of the authors used the available information in the articles, considering only the first author. In the absence of such information, the second author was considered. Information on the authors was verified against the available information in the records from each country’s respective unified information system, providing data on the former and current background of students and researchers.

This survey of the research output on child labor thus included four dimensions of the scientific field, based on the following categories 88. Bourdieu P. Os usos sociais da ciência: por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP; 2004.,99. Bourdieu P. A economia das trocas linguísticas: o que falar quer dizer. São Paulo: EdUSP; 1996.,1010. Bourdieu P. Razões práticas: sobre a teoria da ação. 11ª Ed. Campinas: Papirus; 2011.,1111. Bourdieu P. O campo científico. In: Ortiz R, organizador. Pierre Bourdieu: sociologia. São Paulo: Editora Ática; 1983. p. 122-55..

  1. Characteristics of the articles’ production: year de publication, countries of the studies’ production, region, Qualis score of the scientific journals, research approaches, funding, and journals’ areas of knowledge;

  2. Authors’ characteristics: schooling, place in the scientific field, and undergraduate background;

  3. Objects of study: central theme of the articles;

  4. Legitimate discourses: points of view presented by the authors that appear the most in each of the key themes.

Classification of periodicals according to the Capes (Graduate Studies Coordinating Board) Qualis system (four-year period 2013-2016) considered the area of the periodical’s origin, i.e., the area of the journal’s greatest affiliation, as described in its introductory material. As for the data on financing, research was classified as funded if such information was provided explicitly in the text.

Analysis of the objects of study and legitimate discourses used their saturation as the criterion in the assessment performed by the two researchers at separate moments.

Further, in order to facilitate the analysis, we used Stata (https://www.stata.com) version 12 for tabulation and calculation of frequencies, to be represented in tables.

Results

Research conditions

Combining the search criteria, 161 articles were located, referring to the theme of child labor in the target period. After exclusion of articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, since they only addressed child labor secondarily, 114 articles were selected that comprised this study’s corpus.

The analysis of the research on child labor shows a growth in the last ten years (Figure 1), especially since 2006, reflecting greater interest both by the journals and by the researchers in publishing on this theme.

Figure 1
Distribution of research output on child labor by year and country of publication in the LILACS and SciELO databases, 2004-2014.

Brazil is the country with a dominant position in this research output in Latin America, with the most publications in all the years. Brazil published the majority of the studies (80.7%), followed by Colombia (7%), Argentina (5.3%), and Mexico (4.4%). This leading position for Brazil’s research output is expected, since it was the first country in Latin America to implement (in 1992) the International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC) 1212. Organização Internacional do Trabalho. Boas práticas de combate ao trabalho infantil. Brasília: Organização Internacional do Trabalho; 2003., proposed by the ILO, earmarking funds to combat child labor in all its forms and wherever it appears nationwide; this fact may have sparked interest in conducting scientific studies (Table 1).

Table 1
General characteristics of research output on child labor in the LILACS and SciELO databases, 2004-2014.

In Brazil, the Southeast region (57%) has most of the research output, in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais, followed by the Northeast (23.7%), with studies in Paraiba, Bahia, and Rio Grande do Norte. There were fewer studies in the South (10.8%), in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, Central (4.3%), with studies in Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul, and the North (4.3%), with studies in Pará only.

The fact that the majority of the publications were from the Southeast, Northeast, and South can be explained by the conditions allowing the existence of graduate studies courses that address child labor, as well as specific interests by research groups in these regions, which tend to have a structuring effect on the representations and practices in the scientific field and are capable of expanding the number of publications and of lending legitimacy to the interest in various themes.

As for the social conditions of the research, the articles are indexed in a variety of journals corresponding to three major areas of knowledge: Human Sciences, largely studies with approaches in psychology, education, and sociology; Health Sciences, precisely with approaches in nursing, public health and collective health; and Applied Social Sciences, related to economics, social work, and law. These studies are the product of a highly diversified scientific space with distinct forms of knowledge and points of view (Table 1).

These three major areas, Human Sciences, Health Sciences, and Applied Social Sciences, are considered subareas constituting the scientific space of child labor in Latin America and thus orient the debates in the research output. These subareas are relatively heterogeneous and autonomous and are constantly rebuilt and reshaped by the approaches to different objects of studies by the different authors.

As for classification of the journals in the Capes Qualis System (Figure 2), 50% of the articles are indexed in journals with high indicators, ranging from B1 to A1, with a considerable percentage of articles in Qualis A journals, representing 30% of all the articles analyzed. Further, only 15.8% of the articles are published in journals that have zero impact factor, classified from B3 to B5.

Figure 2
Qualis score of articles on child labor published in the LILACS and SciELO daabases, 2004-2014.

The Human Sciences have published their research results in the most prestigious journals in the area, classified as A1 and A2. In the Health Sciences, the studies are indexed in journals with less academic recognition, with Qualis scores from B3 to B5. Finally, findings in the Applied Social Sciences have been published in medium-prestige journals, with Qualis scores from B1 to B2.

The data suggest a difference in the importance assigned to child labor. While the Human Sciences appear to value child labor as an issue, the Health Sciences apparently still view it as a peripheral issue, probably producing difficulty in publishing studies in the best journals in the area and limiting the debate to less visible circles.

Qualitative studies comprise the majority of the research output (55.3%), which is also consistent with the predominance of publications on child labor in the area of Human Sciences. Since this is an area of knowledge that adopts the theoretical concepts of social representations, experiences, values, and practices; the use of methodological tools in qualitative research, such as individual interviews, observation, and focus groups, is possibly more fitting for understanding the social reality of child labor 1313. Denzin NK, Lincoln YS. Introdução: a disciplina e a prática da pesquisa qualitativa. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, organizadores. O planejamento da pesquisa qualitativa: teorias e abordagens. Porto Alegre: Editora Artmed; 2006. p. 15-41..

The articles with quantitative approaches (39.5%) have the lowest output, and their objects of interest are distributed across journals in the areas of Health Sciences and Applied Social Sciences and produce data with questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests as well as secondary data and document searches.

The social conditions for the production of studies (Table 1) show that only 14.9% of the studies on child labor received funding, which shows a possible disinterest by public research funding agencies, government institutions, and institutions from the private sector in participating in the development of research on child labor. This also suggests a lack of investment in calls for research projects related to child labor.

Of the 17 research projects that received funding, 11 were linked to the area of Health Sciences, with studies conducted in Brazil only, followed by the Human Sciences with four projects funded, and the Applied Social Sciences with only one project funded. Funding for studies in Brazil came mostly from two agencies, the Capes and the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq).

Government agencies mainly show interest in studies that report on child labor with the legitimate discourses of Health Sciences. In the three areas of knowledge, many of the studies were conducted by students supported by undergraduate, Master’s, and PhD scholarships from the research support agencies in the respective countries for professional training at the undergraduate and graduate levels, possibly denoting low investment in scientific projects in the space of child labor.

Characteristics of the studies’ authors

The analysis reveals that the authors’ cultural capital (Table 2), measured by their academic degrees during the study period, shows a concentration of research output by authors with Master’s, PhDs, and associate professorships (71.1%), mainly affiliated with the scientific field.

Table 2
Characterization of scientific publications on child labor, indexed in the LILACS and SciELO databases, 2004-2014.

The authors’ professional backgrounds (Table 2) are quite varied and correspond to the distribution of publications on child labor in the scientific subareas. In the journals in the Human Sciences, it consists mostly of authors trained in psychology (26.3%), in the Health Sciences in nursing (17.5%), and in the Applied Social Sciences in economics (13.2%). As expected, most of the authors publish in journals that are consistent with their own background, suggesting little integration between the subareas.

The various lines of the authors’ professional training are consistent with the order of research output in the scientific space of child labor, that is, those who publish in a given niche are the ones with training in that area. There was little interdisciplinarity in the publications. This is in line with Bourdieu 88. Bourdieu P. Os usos sociais da ciência: por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP; 2004.,1111. Bourdieu P. O campo científico. In: Ortiz R, organizador. Pierre Bourdieu: sociologia. São Paulo: Editora Ática; 1983. p. 122-55., according to whom the scientific order establishes the scientific interventions, places of publication, and objects of research. Thus, all the authors with a given social background have in common a set of fundamental schemes of perception, commonly used to classify and qualify the objects in the different domains of their practice 1313. Denzin NK, Lincoln YS. Introdução: a disciplina e a prática da pesquisa qualitativa. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, organizadores. O planejamento da pesquisa qualitativa: teorias e abordagens. Porto Alegre: Editora Artmed; 2006. p. 15-41..

As for the social position of the authors’ occupations (Table 2) within the scientific field, public university professors (51.8%) are the majority and mainly exercise activities in teaching and research; followed by students (33.3%), representing undergraduate, Master’s, and PhD students belonging to research groups in public universities. Not surprisingly, in data on productivity requirements that are inherent to academic career advancement, university professors and students (89.5%) are the most interested in publishing on child labor. Meanwhile, the authors affiliated services (10.5%) are quite diverse and affiliated with government institutions, specifically municipal governments and departments, hospitals, and courts.

Whatever the position occupied by the authors, this position is an object of struggle and entails the relations of forces and objective relations between the different authors. That is, it situates the authors’ points of view, related to their position in the scientific space, the legitimate objects, and the approaches to the objectivation of child labor 88. Bourdieu P. Os usos sociais da ciência: por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP; 2004.,1111. Bourdieu P. O campo científico. In: Ortiz R, organizador. Pierre Bourdieu: sociologia. São Paulo: Editora Ática; 1983. p. 122-55..

Objects of studies according to subareas in the journals

Analysis of the research output revealed ten themes, the objects of interest that appeared in the three subareas comprising the scientific space of child labor. These are constitutive themes of the legitimate discourses 99. Bourdieu P. A economia das trocas linguísticas: o que falar quer dizer. São Paulo: EdUSP; 1996. (Table 3).

Table 3
Object of studies on child labor by areas of knowledge, in the LILACS and SciELO databases, 2004-2014.

Child labor in the subarea of the Health Sciences

The analysis shows that the 39 articles indexed in the scientific journals corresponding to this subspace present distinct priority questions and are distributed across six research themes: Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of Child Labor; Labor by Children and Adolescents and the Consequences for Health; Child Labor and Education; Child Labor and Social Vulnerability; Urban Child Labor; and Representations and Experiences in Child Labor (Table 3).

The seven research themes featured three legitimate discourses. The first refers to studies that addressed the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of child labor, interested in identifying its patterns, trends, and conditioning factors.

The second legitimate discourse addresses the relationship between child labor and the consequences for health, such as: musculoskeletal disorders, work accidents, mandatory reporting, food security, health surveys, and quality of life in children and adolescents that are working.

In structuring their objects of study, these two discourses share reflection on (and arguing of) biomedical knowledge, based particularly on the concepts and practices of occupational health nursing, such as: occupational history, symptoms, and health problems in working children and adolescents.

The objects of study in this subarea also use epidemiology as the main methodology, predominantly with cross-sectional and ecological studies. In recent decades, epidemiological approaches have impacted the relative contribution of Brazilian science to research output in Latin America and the world, focusing on issues such as health conditions, determinants, and the implementation of policies and actions 1414. IV Plano Diretor para o Desenvolvimento da Epidemiologia no Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2005; 8 Suppl 1:40-3.,1515. Barreto ML. Crescimento e tendência da produção científica em epidemiologia no Brasil. Rev Saúde Pública 2006; 40:79-85..

The third legitimate discourse in the subarea of health is the relationship between child labor and education, with interest in the following: students’ practices in relation to school, work, and the future and school delay and school dropout, all commonly associated with entering and remaining in the work market.

Interdisciplinarity is more common in this subarea, which may be related to expansion of the field of collective health 1616. Vieira-da-Silva LM. Gênese sócio-histórica da saúde coletiva no Brasil. In: Lima NT, Santana JP, Paiva CHA, organizadores. Saúde Coletiva: a ABRASCO em 35 anos de História. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz; 2015. p. 25-48., especially in graduate studies programs, which favor the plurality and heterogeneity of epistemological and operational references in constructing the social reality 1717. Birman J. Apresentação: a interdisciplinaridade na Saúde Coletiva. Physis (Rio J.) 1996; 6:7-13.,1818. Iriart JAB, Deslandes SF, Martin D, Camargo Jr. KR, Carvalho MS, Coeli CM. A avaliação da produção científica nas subáreas da saúde coletiva: limites do atual modelo e contribuições para o debate. Cad Saúde Pública 2015; 31:2137-47..

Child labor in the subarea of Human Sciences

The results show that the 55 articles indexed in the scientific journals in this subarea present distinct legitimate objects of study, but which can be grouped in six study themes (Table 3). These feature three legitimate discourses: Experience of Child Labor; Domestic Child Labor; and Income Transfer Programs and Child Labor. These objects are mainly structured in the discourses of Social and Developmental Psychology.

The studies that are closely linked to the legitimate discourses of experience of child labor largely focus on the economic, social, cultural, and symbolic dimensions that structure the perceptions, meanings, practices, and representations on child labor in different contexts.

Some specific discourses on The experience of child labor are associated with the various issues of the structural organization of the labor market: the right to play and playful experiences in the context of child labor; the process of job placement and occupational activities, especially in informal labor relations and specifically in urban areas (streets, commerce, residences, household production units, and services); family organization, motivations, and socialization practices; and daily experiences with exploited labor.

These discourses also include the investigation and problematization of formal labor by young Brazilians as “trainees” 1616. Vieira-da-Silva LM. Gênese sócio-histórica da saúde coletiva no Brasil. In: Lima NT, Santana JP, Paiva CHA, organizadores. Saúde Coletiva: a ABRASCO em 35 anos de História. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz; 2015. p. 25-48., concerning safeguards for their rights and the formation of their personal and occupational identity.

The analysis of the subarea of Human Sciences featured discourses on the characterization of activities in domestic child labor, with the presence of gender as an analytical variable in this subarea alone, which addressed (as the object of study) the conditions of child labor, types, and characteristics; description of the work activities by gender and age bracket; motivations for starting to work and payment standards; and the relationship to schooling and school performance.

Finally, the other legitimate discourse in this subarea relates to studies on income transfer programs and child labor with the understanding of its institutional aspects and the effectiveness of social policies, particularly in Brazil and Argentina. The studies share the analyses of the programs’ operational conditions, limitations, benefits, and experiences. They also address socio-educational measures, school routines, school attendance, family dynamics, and generational changes based on the programs, as a function of receiving benefits.

The research approaches stated by the authors were mostly qualitative, consisting largely of empirical studies, followed by review articles and including cases studies, reports on experiences, and ethnographic studies.

In the field of possibilities for research on child labor, the three legitimizing discourses - Experiences of Child Labor associated with the labor market, Domestic Child Labor related to schooling, and Income Transfer Programs and Child Labor - are reflected in the objects of study that most attracted the authors’ interest in the subarea of Human Sciences.

Child labor in the subarea of Applied Social Sciences

The establishment of possible discourses in the subarea of Applied Social Sciences, with 21 indexed articles, shows a smaller share of the total research output. The objects of studies are distributed across six themes, only three of which stood out as legitimate discourses, namely: Urban Child Labor; Rural Child Labor; and Inter-Generational Child Labor (Table 3).

The legitimate discourses on urban child labor address the determinants of child labor associated with income and the labor market structure, as well as the effects of increasing the minimum age for engaging in work activities. Meanwhile, the discourses on rural child labor are associated explicitly with the agricultural sector, in the discussion of the impacts produced by this sector on health, human development, and the production of poverty, and the reasons for the mobilization of agribusiness interests in the fight against child labor.

In this context, the objects of interest in the discourses on child labor and inter-generational transmission are living conditions, the effect of an additional worker on children, the children’s birth order, and the occupational status of the reference person or head-of-family.

Considering the predominance of economic discourses in structuring this subarea, as highlighted by Kassouf & Santos 1919. Kassouf AL, Santos MJ. Trabalho infantil no meio rural brasileiro: evidências sobre o "paradoxo da riqueza". Economia Aplicada 2010; 14:339-53., we found that in the last ten years, thanks to the availability of microdata from household surveys in various countries and econometric analyses focused on child labor, the economists began to gain a better understanding of the determinants of early labor. Factors such as poverty, parents’ schooling, family size and structure, head-of-family’s sex, age at which the parents began to work, and place of residence, among others, are the most important determinants and are analyzed empirically.

Final remarks

The study revealed the characteristics of research output on child labor in Latin America from 2004 to 2014, according to the authors, objects of studies, and legitimate discourses in the three scientific subareas. The knowledge output is structured in three distinct subareas: Human Sciences, Health Sciences, and Applied Social Sciences.

The structure of this space results from the interaction between the authors’ diverse points of view, occupying different positions in their respective subareas, aimed at demarcating the objects of studies, methods, and socially acceptable theories in the definition and elucidation of child labor.

Brazilian research was found to be dominant in Latin America, and the Southeast, Northeast, and South were the regions of Brazil that produced the most studies. The research is developed mostly in the academic setting by professors and students, who are thus the prime actors in constructing the scientific discourse on child labor. Health Sciences was the subarea that received most funding in this period. However, these data may reflect more generic aspects of Brazil’s scientific field and are not necessarily a specific characteristic of the research output on child labor.

The objects of studies are largely qualitative, which is also consistent with the authors’ backgrounds and the predominance of their publication in the Human and Social Sciences. Meanwhile, the objects of study with quantitative approaches are distributed across journals in the Health Sciences and Applied Social Sciences. This finding should be interpreted in light of the illegality of child labor in Brail, which hinders research on it, especially of an epidemiological nature.

Regardless of the subarea, the logic of interest in certain objects of studies consists specifically of the development of research that relates child labor to the dimensions of health, education, labor, and social assistance, i.e., the objects of studies on child labor are constituted by establishing at least one point of view from one of these dimensions.

In short, child labor does not appear as a unique object or single identity, since it is structured in the diverse social practices in distinct fields, which hinders the demarcation of issues in the existing methods and theories in structuring the scientific field.

Some limitations should be considered, related to the selection of this review’s corpus, namely: the databases that indexed studies conducted only in Latin America; the study period, spanning ten years; the languages of publication, Portuguese and Spanish; and the exclusion of non-indexed studies, book chapters, technical standards, manuals, theses, dissertations, monographs, technical reports, and institutional documents, which might otherwise have covered new approaches in the scientific field, and which the current review did not analyze. New efforts should be made to extend the investigation to other databases and other country affiliations, in addition to encompassing other types of research besides articles.

This review mapped the knowledge on research on child labor, based especially on the timeliness of identifying and systematizing the heterogeneity of objects of studies and the homogeneity of the legitimate discourses in the scientific subareas, as well as offering elements for understanding this phenomenon in order to support measures to eradicate child labor in Latin America.

Acknowledgments

To Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) for the PhD scholarship. To Marcos Pereira Santos, Assistant Professor of Epidemiology, of the Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB).

References

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  • 2
    Bureau of International Labor Affairs. Findings on the worst forms of child labor. Washington DC: Bureau of International Labor Affairs; 2016.
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    Carvalho IMM. Algumas lições do Programa de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil. São Paulo Perspec 2004; 18:50-61.
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    Frenzel HS, Bardagi MP. Adolescentes trabalhadores brasileiros: um breve estudo bibliométrico. Rev Psicol Organ Trab 2014; 14:79-88.
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    Val MB, Tambellini AT. A violência do trabalho infantil: aspectos sanitários, políticos, jurídico-legais e sociais - uma revisão da literatura. Cad Saúde Colet (Rio J.) 2006; 14:113-40.
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    Bourdieu P. Os usos sociais da ciência: por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. São Paulo: Fundação Editora da UNESP; 2004.
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    Bourdieu P. Razões práticas: sobre a teoria da ação. 11ª Ed. Campinas: Papirus; 2011.
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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    22 July 2019
  • Date of issue
    2019

History

  • Received
    21 Feb 2018
  • Reviewed
    23 Jan 2019
  • Accepted
    26 Feb 2019
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: cadernos@ensp.fiocruz.br