Abstract

The term “basic care” is restricted to a few countries like Brazil. Since the 1978 Alma-Ata Conference, “primary health care” (PHC) has been used to designate care at the first level. The paper summarizes the experiences of evaluation in primary health care, based on the review of the set of manuscripts published by Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. A bibliographic search was made in the SciELO database in the 1996-2020 period. Several descriptors were selected in the spectrum of evaluation and basic care/primary care. The reviewed studies suggest the existence of two analytical periods over the 25 years of the Journal. The first, characterized by the 1996-2010 studies, had the studies of structure/process/results by Donabedian as its predominant theory. The second, from 2011-2020, was Billings’ theories on Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) and Starfield’s PHC attributes. The main dimensions presented in the studies refer to evaluations with a quantitative approach and are induced by the policies and public consultations of the Ministry of Health, and instruments referenced by it.

Key words:
Health assessment; Primary Health Care; Brazil

Introduction

The Portuguese term “atenção básica” or “atenção básica à saúde” is used in a few countries like Brazil. In the world, since the 1978 Alma-Ata Conference in Kazakhstan, the term “atenção primária à saúde (“cuidados primários de saúde”, in Portugal; “atención primária de salud” in Spanish, and “primary health care” in English) is used to designate care at the first level of care, which can be defined, as per Starfield’s¹1 Starfield B. Primary Care: Concept, Evaluation, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992. definition, as that characterized by four essential attributes: first contact access, longitudinality, coordination of care and comprehensiveness. It also stands out with three other attributes, called derivative attributes, namely, family, community, and cultural competence.

In Brazil, the so-called “atenção básica em saúde” has covered, over the decades, any outpatient service provided in health posts and centers. For example, historically, since the 1970s, the IBGE was the first body to systematize an analysis of health establishments nationally without hospitalization (the name given by this body to outpatient health posts and centers) in its administrative survey entitled “Research of Medical-Health Care - AMS”²2 Oliveira ES. Assistência médico-sanitária: notas para uma avaliação. Cad Saude Publica 1991; 7(3):370-395.. Brazil stands out on the world stage for offering one of the largest universal public systems in the world, recognized by several authors³3 Macinko J, Harris MJ. Brazil's Family Health Strategy - Delivering Community-Based Primary Care in a Universal Health System. N Engl J Med 2015; 372(23):2177-2181. and PHC-based. The national provision of actions, services, and procedures is developed by a network of primary healthcare facilities (health posts and centers, family health facilities), mostly under municipal responsibility. In this type of service, as of April 2020, 47 thousand health establishments existed in practically all 5,570 municipalities and the Federal District⁴4 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES) [Internet]. Brasília: DATASUS/Secretaria Executiva; 2020 [acessado 2020 Jun 25]. Disponível em: http://cnes2.datasus.gov.br/Mod_Ind_Unidade.asp?VEstado=00. The relevance and capillarity of this PHC network showed its importance in receiving people with mild flu-like symptoms in the first half of 2020, in the context of the new coronavirus COVID-19⁵5 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Portaria GM/MS n°188, de 3 de fevereiro de 2020. Declara Emergência em Saúde Pública de importância Nacional (ESPIN) em decorrência da infecção humana pelo novo coronavírus (2019-nCoV). Diário Oficial da União 2020; 4 fev. pandemic. According to the IBGE⁶6 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD) COVID-19. Microdados. Coordenação de Rendimentos (COREN), Diretoria de Pesquisas. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2020., in its PNAD COVID-19, 84.3% of the 24 million Brazilians with flu-like symptoms in May 2020 did not seek health care. Among those who did not look for a health unit and stayed at home, more than 500 thousand received a visit from a family health team professional or community health worker. Thus, PHC has partially expanded the population’s access to care, supporting the operationalization of health surveillance actions for mild cases and their contacts, minimizing the influx of patients to urgent and emergency services, contributing to minimize the collapse of SUS during the pandemic.

In the Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, in 1998, Hartz and Pouvourville⁷7 Hartz ZMA, Pouvourville G. Avaliação dos Programas de Saúde: a eficiência em questão. Cien Saude Colet 1998; 3(1):68-82., then Hartz⁸8 Hartz ZMA. Avaliação dos programas de saúde: perspectivas teórico-metodológicas e políticas institucionais. Cien Saude Colet 1999; 4(2):341-354. in 1999, Bodstein⁹9 Bodstein R. Atenção básica na agenda da saúde. Cien Saude Colet 2002; 7(3):401-412. and Costa and Pinto¹⁰10 Costa NR, Pinto LF. Avaliação de programa de atenção à saúde: incentivo à oferta de atenção ambulatorial e a experiência da descentralização no Brasil. Cien Saude Colet 2002; 7(4):907-923. in 2002, were the first authors to address, debate and investigate the issue of health assessment experiences (initially as program assessment) and the projection of PHC on the Brazilian public health agenda in 1999 and 2002, respectively. Subsequently, dozens of studies were published by the Journal, describing, analyzing, and evaluating local, regional, and international PHC experiences. Through a literature review, this text aims to reflect on the contributions of these authors and the predominant themes addressed by them in contributing to Brazilian Public Health, without intending to exhaust the debate.

Methods

We aim to answer the following questions: (i) How did authors of the Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva approach the theme of health assessment since 1996, starting from the Community Health Workers Program (PACS), the Family Health Program (PSF), for basic care, the Family Health Strategy until reaching PHC?, (ii) Were basic care and primary health care analyzed as synonyms, concepts constructed or under construction in papers on health assessment published by the Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva in the last 25 years?, (iii) Has the establishment of the National Primary Health Care Secretariat (SAPS) by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2019, in light of the previous questions, defined a change in the paradigm for the assessment in health in the last 25 years or is it just a semantic change in the publication of later papers?

The studies analyzed were identified through an integrative literature search to systematize and follow the same methods as Assis et al.¹¹11 Assis M, Hartz ZMA, Valla VV. Programas de promoção da saúde do idoso: uma revisão da literatura científica no período de 1990 a 2002. Cien Saude Colet 2004; 9(3):557-581..

Search criteria

We used the database of the Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva in SciELO as the only source, for the complete period of its issues up to its 25 years, that is, the period from September 1996 to April 2020, considering any of the indices indexed in Portuguese or English, with the search keys “E” or “AND” and the following combinations of Portuguese keywords: “avaliação e atenção primária”, “Atenção Primária à Saúde e avaliação de serviços de saúde”, “Atenção Primária à Saúde e qualidade da assistência à saúde”, “avaliação da atenção básica”, “serviços básicos de saúde”, “avaliação e cuidados de saúde primários”, “avaliação em Saúde e Saúde da Família”, “Avaliação e Saúde da Família”, “Avaliação e agentes comunitários de saúde”, “Avaliação e Programa de Saúde da Família”.

Although the Portuguese term “avaliação” was not associated with the terms “serviços básicos de saúde”, “atenção primária à saúde e pagamento por desempenho”, “atenção primária à saúde e pesquisa em serviços de saúde”, “atenção primária à saúde e internações por condições sensíveis à atenção básica/primária”, “Programa de Saúde da Família”, “Agente comunitário de saúde”, “agentes comunitários”, we opted to include it in the initial search for a comprehensive reading and capture of all abstracts, taking into account that the program assessment area, with the then PACS and PSF, has been analyzed from a descriptive and epidemiological perspective in the late 1990s/2000s.

We have created an extensive Excel database containing descriptive variables for each of the papers surveyed to carry out the bibliographic search, carried out and analyzed here in two stages and part of the results. We stratified the analysis into two groups, namely, works published until 2010 x works published after 2010. This is because, after 2010, the Journal started to have a monthly periodicity, and we aimed to measure the effect of this change in the publication of papers.

We found a total of 201 papers listed in the database in the first stage, whose abstracts were read. We pre-selected 181 works after removing duplicate texts and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the first case, we included texts: (i) focusing on health assessment simultaneously with the approach to outpatient/basic/primary care, (ii) approaching Health programs, primary care, basic health care, primary care associated with the assessment of health programs, policies or services. Among the exclusion criteria, we considered: (i) literature review studies, (ii) health assessments, without a focus on basic care/primary care, (iii) duplicate papers, (iv) specific focus on descriptive analyses without association with assessment, (v) non-accessible languages (other than Portuguese, English, Spanish and French).

After analyzing the abstracts, 115 papers were eliminated in the second stage, especially those whose initial keywords were not simultaneously and directly or indirectly related to the object of the systematic review (health assessment and basic/primary care). Therefore, the final sample of this stage for which the complete reading of the texts was carried out consisted of 65 papers (Table 1).

Results of the first stage: profile of the universe of papers selected for bibliographic review (N = 181)

A noteworthy critical issue is that, since its first edition in September 1996, the Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva witnessed a massive growth in the submission of papers, and as a result, its periodicity changed over time. It went from two annual issues between 1996 and 2001 to three annual issues between 2002 and 2006, followed by two issues between 2007 and 2010, until finally becoming a monthly journal, which helps explain why, in the search for this study, a higher number of papers was observed in the post-2010 period. Even so, as we will see below, in proportion to the total number of published texts, 2006 (issue 11.3) and 2020 (issue 25.4) (Graph 1) stand out; 2020 was considered partially, that is, until April. One explanation is that these two years, respectively, reflect the years in which the National Primary Care Policy (PNAB, 1^st edition) and 2020 were established. This last year is the year following the creation in 2019 of a National Primary Health Care Secretariat (SAPS) within the Ministry of Health and the new federal model for financing Family Health Teams. On the other hand, other special issues of the Journal gathered papers published on the theme of assessment and primary health care, with an emphasis on issues 16.11 (2011) and 22.3 (2017).

We also looked for some pre-defined terms in each of the complete papers (N = 181), to outline an analysis over the 25 years of the presence or absence of each term and, thus, we infer an objective approximation to the history of the publication of the works in the Journal in the context of Brazilian PHC changes, from the establishment of the then PACS and PSF in the 1990s to the role of the Brazilian Association of Collective Health (Abrasco), the transformation of PSF into a “Family Health Strategy”, the National Primary Care Policy (PNAB, 1^st edition in 2006). Therefore, we chose Portuguese terms “ABRASCO”, “PSF”, “atenção básica”, “ESF (Equipe de Saúde da Família)”, “ESF (Estratégia de Saúde da Família)”, “PNAB”, “APS” for a specific search in the body of each published text. Interestingly, the works published in the period in question used the same abbreviations “ESF” or “eSF” both to designate “Family Health Team” (way of organizing a group of professionals in health units, such as health posts, health centers or family health facilities) and “Family Health Strategy” (as a structuring health care model). The analysis shows the trend of the presence of each of the pre-selected terms, with incipient participation of papers that mention “ABRASCO” as one of the Portuguese references in the themes of “avaliação” and “atenção básica/atenção primária”. The terms “PSF” and “ESF” (Family Health Strategy) are those that, over time, obtained a more significant number of citations with maximum value in the period 2010-2014, when they then decrease and are overtaken by the term “APS” between 2019 and 2020. With the creation of SAPS/MS in May 2019¹²12 Reis JG, Harzheim E, Nachif MCA, Freitas JC, D'Ávila O, Hauser L, Martins C, Pedebos LA, Pinto LF. Criação da Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde e suas implicações para o SUS. Cien Saude Colet 2019; 24(9):3457-3462. and the new federal PHC funding model - “Previne Brasil”¹³13 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Portaria GM/MS nº 3.222, de 10 de dezembro de 2019. Dispõe sobre os indicadores do pagamento por desempenho, no âmbito do Programa Previne Brasil. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2019b. Diário Oficial da União 2019; 11 dez. -, the use of Portuguese terms “atenção primária”, “atenção primária à saúde” are expected to be consolidated and achieve a higher number of citations from 2020 (Graph 2). We highlight that, in 2020, Graph 2 records in the “2019-2020” period only works published until April 2020 (that is, 16 months), a period much shorter than the others used for its elaboration (48 months).

Second stage results: the profile of the sample of papers selected for full-text reading (N = 65)

A subset of 65 papers was read in full and classified in the database created according to the variables: institutional affiliation of the first author of the paper, predominant thematic classification, study location, object/unit of analysis, type of sample/census, the period of data collection and source/material used (Chart 1).

Of the total selected papers, 87.9% are works whose first authors have Brazilian institutional affiliations. The states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul stand out, which together account for 53.0% of the total of the texts collected. We also observed that all regions are represented, although the North Region, only barely registers 3.0% of authors in the states of Amazonas and Tocantins. Among foreign countries, Portugal stands out with 9.1% of authors, and this value is higher than 11 Brazilian states individually (Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Maranhão, Paraná, Federal District, Santa Catarina, Ceará, Paraíba, Tocantins, and Amazonas), which reveals the tremendous potential consolidated by the Journal in Portugal in the area of assessment and primary health care.

Predominant thematic classification

The full-text reading of the 65 papers selected in the bibliographic sample allowed us to approach the main themes, classifying the texts by their predominant approach in the assessment area (Table 2). Of the total number of works, when stratified into two groups, noteworthy are the differences registered over the last 25 years in the Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva.

In the first group of papers published until 2010, they highlight “evaluative research with a comparison of care models (ESF x traditional model; oral health)” and “assessment of the implementation of the PAB, the Family Health, Oral Health teams (including economic/financial assessment)”, which together account for about 50% of the total texts selected for analysis in that period. In the second group, for manuscripts published between 2011 and 2020, the areas “epidemiological studies (with clinical and management indicators, which may include ACSC)”, and “evaluative research with users/health professionals/managers (many using the Primary Care Assessment Tool - PCAT)”, together accounted for 60.4% of the total papers published on health assessment and basic care/primary care in the last decade (Table 3).

Similarly, we found striking differences when we compared the two groups (papers published until 2010 x papers published between 2011 and 2020). In this case, a diversity that shows the conceptual and theoretical richness considered by Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva for its readers over the past 25 years.

In the first group, papers published until 2010, the “Donabedian structure/process/result assessment theory¹⁴14 Donabedian A. The seven pillars of quality. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990; 114(11):1115-1118.”, represented the most prominent category, with 29.4% of the manuscripts. In the group of texts published from 2011 to 2020, Billings’ theory¹⁵15 Billings J, Teicholz N. Uninsured patients in District of Columbia hospitals. Health Affairs 1990; 9(4):158-165. on Ambulatory Care-Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) and Starfield’s theory of PHC attributes¹⁶16 Starfield B. Atenção primária: equilíbrio entre necessidades de saúde, serviços e tecnologia. Brasília: Unesco, MS; 2002. each represented 18.5% of the total works, followed by “normative assessments” and “structure/process/results assessment theory”, also tied at 15.4% (Table 3).

From a methodological viewpoint, most studies considered a predominantly quantitative approach. Two lines of production were noted between the periods analyzed, before and after 2010, that is, the widespread assessment types were more present in the first years of publication of the Journal.

The subsequent period had a high concentration of papers that, on the one hand, emphasized the use of primary care indicators related to Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC). We must remember that the Ministry of Health launched a public consultation that later became an Ordinance¹⁷17 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Portaria MS/GM nº 221, de 17 de abril de 2008. Publica, na forma do anexo desta portaria, a lista brasileira de internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária. Diário Oficial da União 2008; 18 abr. with the Brazilian list of ambulatory care sensitive conditions¹⁸18 Alfradique ME, Bonolo PF, Dourado I, Lima-Costa MF, Macinko J, Mendonça CS, Oliveira VB, Sampaio LFR, De Simoni C, Turci MA. Internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária: a construção da lista brasileira como ferramenta para medir o desempenho do sistema de saúde (Projeto ICSAP - Brasil). Cad Saúde Pública 2009; 25(6):1337-1349.. Its use and dissemination in Brazil are facilitated by decades of existence of the Hospital Information System (SIH-SUS), which monthly collects data on hospitalizations in the Unified Health System (SUS) and makes them available as microdata not identified by name on the SUS Informatics Department’s website (DATASUS).

On the other hand, the use of the PHC attributes assessment instrument originally proposed by Shi and Starfield¹⁹19 Shi L, Starfield B, Xu J. Validating the adult primary care assessment tool. J Fam Pract 2001; 50(2):161-164. and statistically validated in Brazil by Starfield (who was at ENSP/Fiocruz in 2002 to launch her seminal book) and a group of researchers from UFRGS²⁰20 Harzheim E, Starfield B, Rajmil L, Álvarez-Dardet C, Stein AT. Consistência interna e confiabilidade da versão em português do Instrumento de Avaliação da Atenção Primária (PCATool-Brasil) para serviços de saúde infantil. Cad Saude Publica 2006; 22(8):1649-1659. also contributed to the publication of papers in Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. This instrument was endorsed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which published in 2010 the Manual of the so-called set of instruments “PCATool-Brasil”²¹21 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Manual do instrumento de avaliação da atenção primária à saúde: Primary Care Assessment Tool - PCATool-Brasil. Brasília: MS; 2010.. This Manual can be considered a watershed for Health Assessment and Primary Care, as it enabled the national capillarization of an evaluative research methodology, considering the experience of users, managers, and health service professionals. We can also highlight a Brazilian version of this instrument validated for Oral Health, both for users and dentists²²22 Fontanive LT. Adaptação do instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool - Brasil versão usuários dirigido à Saúde Bucal [dissertação]. Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2011.^,2323 D'Avila OP. Avaliação de Serviços de Saúde Bucal na Atenção Primária a Saúde: análise conceitual, psicométrica e exploratória [tese]. Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2016..

The assessment of clinical and epidemiological performance indicators is more present in the international studies published by the Journal, as are the normative assessments, particularly in the case of Portugal, with all the legal framework of its National Health System (SNS).

Time for submission, approval, and publication of papers

One of the indicators used to measure the quality of a scientific journal based on the Web of Science (WoS) is the publication time of the works submitted. We measured the time (in months), including the paper’s period of approval, to answer this question. We built two variables, namely, the time between submission and publication of the paper, and time between approval and publication of the paper.

The data show a considerable drop in both indicators over the last 25 years, in 2011, when the Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva started to be published monthly. However, we still found some papers that took over 12 months between the time of submission and publication and between the time of approval and publication (Graph 3).

Final Considerations

In the 1996-2020 period, concerning papers published in the Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, most authors did not conceptually distinguish Portuguese terms “atenção básica” from “atenção primária à saúde”. That is, resuming one of our initial questions, most authors considered these two terms synonyms, at least until 2015. However, in this paper, we defined primary health care in Brazil as that which is provided exclusively by the Family Health Teams (eSF), as these are the health professionals with a mission to develop the Starfield’s attributes enunciated since the first version of the National Primary Care Policy (PNAB) in 2006³⁵35 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Portaria/MS nº 648, de 28 de março de 2006. Aprova a Política Nacional de Atenção Básica (PNAB), estabelecendo a revisão de diretrizes e normas para a organização da Atenção Básica para o Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) e o Programa Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (PACS). Diário Oficial da União 2006; 28 mar., and which were radicalized as the new federal financing model enunciated in 2019 that provided for the individual monitoring and assessment of each eSF, considering the individual as the unit of analysis. For the first time in the history of Brazilian public health, the clinical and epidemiological data collected from each person started to be recorded to generate population-based indicators, and the Ministry of Health started to transfer part of the fund-to-fund financial resources to the municipalities with capitation criteria³⁶36 Harzheim E, D'Avila OP, Ribeiro DC, Ramos LG, Silva LE, Santos CMJ, Costa LGM, Cunha CRH, Pedebos LA. Novo financiamento para uma nova Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil. Cien Saude Colet 2020; 25(4):1361-1374..

As for the other initial question we asked, the establishment of the of Primary Health Care Secretariat (SAPS) - initially spearheaded by a family doctor - within the scope of the Ministry of Health in 2019, our study points out that a higher number of authors from the Journal begins to concentrate a greater use of the Portuguese term “atenção primária à saúde” at the expense of “atenção básica à saúde”. The last special thematic issue of Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, of April 2020, already shows this development and the trend of the number of papers published in this direction in the last five years.

Sample limits are a recurring issue that influences results. Several authors point to possible biases regarding the fact that there is a sample of volunteers or collaborators who wished to participate³⁷37 Ruffing-Rahal MA. Evaluation of group health promotion with community-dwelling older women. Public Health Nursing 1994; 11(1):38-48. and did not adequately represent the population of each study. Regarding these aspects, household sample surveys are still negligible in Brazil and especially developed by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), which since the 1980s includes modules that allow evaluating the performance of Brazilian health services, either in special supplements or in specific surveys, such as the National Health Surveys (PNS). The most recent innovation in this regard was the inclusion of a Module that allows the assessment of PHC in Brazil, regions, and states, with a probabilistic home sample. We refer to PNS-2019 with the set of questions from PCATool - short version for adult users, which was included in the data collection instrument³⁸38 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). Coordenação de Rendimentos (COREN). Diretoria de Pesquisas. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2020.. In this sense, a recommendation is to do what several countries in the world already do, such as the United Kingdom and Canada, which regularly include a set of questions that allow the assessment of their health services, including in the scope of PHC³⁹39 Office for National Statistics. Health and Lifestyle Survey [Internet]. United Kingdom; 2020 [acessado 2020 Jun 25]. Disponível em: https://www.ons.gov.uk/surveys/informationforhouseholdsandindividuals/householdandindividualsurveys/healthandlifestylesurveyhls
https://www.ons.gov.uk/surveys/informati... ^,4040 Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) [Internet]. Ottawa; 2020 [acessado 2020 Jun 25]. Disponível em: https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3226
https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl... , in their household surveys (the Health and Lifestyle Survey and the Canadian Community Health Survey, respectively).

On the 25^th anniversary of the Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, it is evident that the inductive role of the Ministry of Health in the definition of public policies/consultations and assessment instruments was strongly associated with the publication of papers in the period studied here. In 2020, the publication of the new Manual of the set of instruments that make up PCATool-Brasil by the Ministry of Health⁴¹41 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Departamento de Saúde da Família. Manual do Instrumento de Avaliação da Atenção Primária à Saúde: PCATool-Brasil - 2020. Brasília: MS; 2020. should induce a new wave of studies and research with the use of this instrument, expanding the initial scope of the assessment of primary health care services for population-based household assessments, inaugurated by the IBGE in its National Health Survey (PNS-2019). In this direction, considering a statistical-epidemiological approach, the future of PHC assessment may move towards population-based indicators (via electronic medical records) and monitoring of each Family Health Team in the country, using an identification number (CPF) and unprecedented monthly management of “duplicate records”, linked to the part of the PHC federal transfers to the municipalities, defined by the Ministry of Health in 2019. Following this path, perhaps Brazil will be able to calculate, in PHC, intermediate and final indicators from the clinical and epidemiological perspective, just as has been done in PHC in Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom for over 10 years.

References

Publication Dates

History