Uso de cigarros electrónicos en los espacios libres de humo y vapeo: una revisión sistemática

E-cigarette use in smoke-free and vape: a systematic review

David Zepeta-Hernández Nora Angélica Armendáriz-García Nazaria Martínez-Díaz María Magdalena Alonso-Castillo Acerca de los autores

RESUMEN

Fundamentos:

El efecto de los espacios libres de humo en el uso de cigarros electrónicos no ha sido demostrado empíricamente. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue evaluar la influencia de las políticas de espacios libres de humo y vapeo en el uso de cigarros electrónicos en adultos jóvenes y adultos.

Métodos:

Se realizó una revisión sistemática según los criterios PRISMA en las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed y SCOPUS. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Smoke-Free Policy, Young Adult y Adult. Se incluyeron estudios que analizaron el uso de cigarros electrónicos en los espacios libres de humo en adultos de quince años o más. La búsqueda se realizó entre enero de 2010 a marzo de 2022. El riesgo de sesgo se analizó con la Herramienta de Evaluación de Métodos Mixtos.

Resultados:

La búsqueda identificó 861 registros. Se excluyeron 840 registros por no cubrir los criterios de inclusión. La muestra final incluyó diez estudios sobre espacios libres de humo, seis estudios sobre espacios libres de vapeo y cinco estudios sobre espacios libres de humo/vapeo. El principal riesgo de sesgo en los estudios fue el muestro y las mediciones utilizadas. La mayoría de los estudios asocian el uso de cigarro electrónico y los espacios libres de humo.

Conclusiones:

Los estudios sugieren que el uso de cigarros electrónicos y los espacios libres de humo y vapeo están asociados. Se requieren estudios con mayor calidad de la evidencia y la aplicación simultanea de los espacios libres de humo/vapeo.

Palabras clave:
Cigarro electrónico; Política libre de humo; Adulto joven; Adulto; Revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT

Background:

The effect of smoke-free spaces on the use of electronic cigarettes has not been empirically demonstrated. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the influence of smoke-free and vape policies on the use of electronic cigarettes in young adults and adults.

Methods:

A systematic review was carried out according to PRISMA criteria in the Web of Science, PubMed and SCOPUS databases. Keywords used were: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Smoke-Free Policy, Young Adult and Adult. We included studies that analyzed the use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free spaces in adults aged fifteen years and older. The search was conducted from January 2010 to March 2022. Risk of bias was analyzed with the Mixed Methods Assessment Tool.

Results:

The search identified 861 records. A total of 840 records were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. The final sample included ten studies on smoke-free spaces, six studies on vape-free spaces and five studies on smoke-free spaces and vape-free spaces. The main risk of bias in the studies was the sampling and measurements used. Most studies associate the use of electronic cigarettes and smoke-free spaces.

Conclusions:

Studies suggest that the use of electronic cigarettes and smoke-free spaces and vape are associated. Studies with higher quality of evidence and simultaneous implementation of smoke-free and vape-free spaces are required.

Key words:
Electronic cigarettes; Smoke-free policy; Young adult; Adult; Systematic review

INTRODUCCIÓN

Los cigarros electrónicos (también llamados sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina o vaporizadores) son nuevos productos de tabaco que surgieron como una alternativa para dejar de fumar 11 National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2016., presentándose bajo una publicidad de reducción de riesgo y de daños a la salud. Sin embargo, la eficacia como producto antitabaco de los cigarros electrónicos es cuestionable 22 Bhatnagar A, Whitsel LP, Whitsel KM, Bullen C, Chaloupka F, Piano MR, Robertson RM, McAuley T, Goff D, Benowitz N; American Heart Association Advocacy Coordinating Committee, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Electronic cigarettes: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014 Oct 14;130(16):1418-1436. https://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000107
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33 Dinardo P, Rome ES. Vaping: The new wave of nicotine addiction. Cleve Clin J Med. 2019 Dec;86(12):789-798. https://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.86a.19118
https://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.86a.1911...
, de modo que el riesgo-beneficio a la salud de estos productos es un tema de debate.

Al respecto, existe evidencia concluyente de que los cigarros electrónicos exponen a los usuarios a niveles más bajos de sustancias químicas tóxicas en comparación con los cigarros de combustión 44 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes [Internet]. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press; 2018. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24952/public-health-consequences-of-e-cigarettes
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, pero, por otra parte, también hay evidencia de que los cigarros electrónicos contienen metales (cadmio, plomo, níquel, estaño, cobre) 55 Mishra VK, Kim K-H, Samaddar P, Kumar S, Aggarwal ML, Chacko KM. Review on metallic components released due to the use of electronic cigarettes. Environ Eng Res. 2017;22(2):131-140. 66 Visser W, Geraets L, Klerx W, Hernandez L, Stephens E, Croes E et al. The health risks of using e-cigarettes.[Internet]. Bilthoven The Netherlands: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; 2015. https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/2015-0144.pdf
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, carbonilos (acetaldehído, acetona, acroleína, formaldehído) 77 Bekki K, Uchiyama S, Ohta K, Inaba Y, Nakagome H, Kunugita N. Carbonyl Comp-11200. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111192
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88 Lee MS, LeBouf RF, Son YS, Koutrakis P, Christiani DC. Nicotine, aerosol particles, carbonyls and volatile organic compounds in tobacco- and menthol-flavored e-cigarettes. Environ Health. 2017 Apr 27;16(1):42. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0249-x
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99 Qu Y, Kim KH, Szulejko JE. The effect of flavor content in e-liquids on e-cigarette emissions of carbonyl compounds. Environ Res. 2018; 166:324-333. 1010 Wang P, Chen W, Liao J, Matsuo T, Ito K, Fowles J, Shusterman D, Mendell M, Kumagai K. A Device-Independent Evaluation of Carbonyl Emissions from Heated Electronic Cigarette Solvents. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 11;12(1):e0169811. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169811
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1111 Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Reilly SM, Bhangu G, Trushin N, Foulds J, Muscat J, Richie JP Jr. Emissions of Free Radicals, Carbonyls, and Nicotine from the NIDA Standardized Research Electronic Cigarette and Comparison to Similar Commercial Devices. Chem Res Toxicol. 2019 Jan 22;32(1):130-138. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00235
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1212 Sleiman M, Logue JM, Montesinos VN et al. Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes: Key Parameters Affecting the Release of Harmful Chemicals. Environ Sci Technol. 2016;50(17):9644-9651., carcinógenos 88 Lee MS, LeBouf RF, Son YS, Koutrakis P, Christiani DC. Nicotine, aerosol particles, carbonyls and volatile organic compounds in tobacco- and menthol-flavored e-cigarettes. Environ Health. 2017 Apr 27;16(1):42. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0249-x
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1313 Farsalinos K, Gillman G, Poulas K, Voudris V. Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in Electronic Cigarettes: Comparison between Liquid and Aerosol Levels. Int J Environ Res Pu. 2015;12(8):9046. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809046
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1414 Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. 2014;23(2):133-139. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859
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y/o radicales libres 1111 Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Reilly SM, Bhangu G, Trushin N, Foulds J, Muscat J, Richie JP Jr. Emissions of Free Radicals, Carbonyls, and Nicotine from the NIDA Standardized Research Electronic Cigarette and Comparison to Similar Commercial Devices. Chem Res Toxicol. 2019 Jan 22;32(1):130-138. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00235
https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemresto...
1515 Goel R, Durand E, Trushin N, Prokopczyk B, Foulds J, Elias RJ, Richie JP Jr. Radicales libres altamente reactivos en aerosoles de cigarros electrónicos. Chem Res Toxicol. 21 de septiembre de 2015; 28 (9): 1675-1677. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00220
https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemresto...
, entre otras substancias químicas perjudiciales para la salud. Estas sustancias provocan resultados negativos para la salud individual a corto plazo, tales como un aumento en exacerbación del asma, presión arterial diastólica y estrés oxidativo. Asimismo, este consumo representa un problema de Salud Pública, debido al paradójico incremento de la frecuencia e intensidad del consumo de tabaco combustible que provoca entre adolescentes y adultos jóvenes 44 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes [Internet]. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press; 2018. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24952/public-health-consequences-of-e-cigarettes
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24952/public...
.

Desde la introducción de los cigarros electrónicos en los mercados globales a mediados y finales de la década de 2000, el uso de estos dispositivos ha aumentado significativamente entre los adultos en muchos países 1616 Yong HH, Borland R, Balmford J, McNeill A, Hitchman S, Driezen P, Thompson ME, Fong GT, Cummings KM. Trends in E-Cigarette Awareness, Trial, and Use Under the Different Regulatory Environments of Australia and the United Kingdom. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015 Oct;17(10):1203-1211. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu231
https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu231...
1717 Vallone DM, Cuccia AF, Briggs J, Xiao H, Schillo BA, Hair EC. Electronic Cigarette and JUUL Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults. JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Mar 1;174(3):277-286. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5436. Erratum in: JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Mar 1;174(3):305.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatric...
1818 Vázquez-Cancela O, Pérez-Ríos M, Santiago-Pérez MI, Rey-Brandariz J, Giraldo-Osorio A, Candal-Pedreira C, Malvar Pintos A. Evolución de la prevalencia de consumo de cigarros electrónicos en el periodo 2014-2018 y consumo de IQOS en 2018 en Galicia. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2021 Oct 6;95:e202110130.. Esto ha generado preocupación en las comunidades científicas, quienes visualizan esta innovación tecnológica como una amenaza para el control del consumo de tabaco 1919 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, sixth session. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: Report by WHO. Moscow, RUS. Geneva: WHO; 2014. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/147110
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, debido a que los cigarros electrónicos generalmente contienen nicotina, la cual produce adicción 2020 World Health Organization. Electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENDS/ENNDS). Proceedings of the Conference of the Parties to the World Health Organization Framework Concention on Tobacco Control. Moscow, RUS. Geneva: WHO; 2016. https://escholarship.org/content/qt2f65f2j5/qt2f65f2j5.pdf
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, y conduce, de acuerdo con algunos estudios, al consumo posterior de cigarros convencionales 2121 Rigotti NA. e-Cigarette Use and Subsequent Tobacco Use by Adolescents: New Evidence About a Potential Risk of e-Cigarettes. JAMA. 2015 Aug 18;314(7):673-674. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8382
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2222 Xu S, Coffman DL, Liu B, Xu Y, He J, Niaura RS. Relationships Between E-cigarette Use and Subsequent Cigarette Initiation Among Adolescents in the PATH Study: an Entropy Balancing Propensity Score Analysis. Prev Sci. 2022 May;23(4):608-617. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-021-01326-4
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2323 Kirshenbaum AP, Hughes JR. Reinforcement enhancement by nicotine: A novel abuse-liability assessment of e-cigarettes in young adults. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2021 Jun 24:10.1037/pha0000496. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pha0000496
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.

En respuesta a lo anterior, en 2013 y 2016 la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) emitió una serie de recomendaciones en políticas de salud, tales como: la regulación o prohibición de la venta y posesión de cigarros electrónicos a los menores de edad; prohibición de la publicidad; regulación de los lugares de venta; prohibición del uso de sabores atractivos para menores de edad; impresión de un etiquetado adecuado en los dispositivos y los e-líquidos; prohibición de afirmaciones implícitas y explícitas sobre la eficacia de los cigarros electrónicos; y prohibición del uso de cigarros electrónicos en espacios compartidos 2020 World Health Organization. Electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENDS/ENNDS). Proceedings of the Conference of the Parties to the World Health Organization Framework Concention on Tobacco Control. Moscow, RUS. Geneva: WHO; 2016. https://escholarship.org/content/qt2f65f2j5/qt2f65f2j5.pdf
https://escholarship.org/content/qt2f65f...
2424 Grana R, Benowitz N, Glantz SA. Background paper on e-cigarettes (electronic nicotine delivery systems). World Health Organization report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013.. De todas las anteriores medidas, la prohibición de venta y los espacios libre de humo son las más implementadas a nivel mundial para el control del uso del cigarro electrónico 2525 Kennedy RD, Awopegba A, De León E, Cohen JE. Global approaches to regulating electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. 2017 Jul;26(4):440-445. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053179
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
.

Respecto a los espacios libres de humo, hay pruebas de que esta política de control del tabaco reduce la prevalencia del tabaquismo convencional 2626 Borland R, Chapman S, Owen N, Hill D. Effects of workplace smoking bans on cigarette consumption. Am J Public Health. 1990 Feb;80(2):178-180. https://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.80.2.178. PMID: 2297062; PMCID: PMC1404626.
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2727 Bauer JE, Hyland A, Li Q, Steger C, Cummings KM. A longitudinal assessment of the impact of smoke-free worksite policies on tobacco use. Am J Public Health. 2005 Jun;95(6):1024-1029. https://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.048678
https://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.048...
2828 Song AV, Dutra LM, Neilands TB, Glantz SA. Association of Smoke-Free Laws With Lower Percentages of New and Current Smokers Among Adolescents and Young Adults: An 11-Year Longitudinal Study. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Sep;169(9):e152285. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2285
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatric...
, por lo que varios países han adaptado esta regulación para restringir el uso de los cigarros electrónicos en espacios compartidos y, así, minimizar los riesgos potenciales para la salud de los usuarios y proteger a los no usuarios de la exposición a sus emisiones 2020 World Health Organization. Electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENDS/ENNDS). Proceedings of the Conference of the Parties to the World Health Organization Framework Concention on Tobacco Control. Moscow, RUS. Geneva: WHO; 2016. https://escholarship.org/content/qt2f65f2j5/qt2f65f2j5.pdf
https://escholarship.org/content/qt2f65f...
. No obstante, los efectos de esta política sobre el uso de cigarros electrónicos hasta este momento no han sido demostrados empíricamente.

Si bien es necesario continuar con la investigación sobre la seguridad y la eficacia de los cigarros electrónicos, también es importante analizar el impacto de los espacios libres de humo sobre la reducción de las prevalencias del uso de cigarros electrónicos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue analizar la influencia de las políticas de espacios libres de humo y vapeo en el uso de cigarros electrónicos en adultos jóvenes y adultos. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura para identificar y caracterizar el uso de cigarros electrónicos en los espacios libres de humo y vapeo.

MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS

Pregunta de investigación.

La presente revisión se centró en la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿La implementación de espacios libres de humo/vapeo influye en el uso de cigarros electrónicos en adultos jóvenes y adultos? En la TABLA 1 se presentan las palabras utilizadas según la metodología PEO (Población, Exposición y Resultado, por sus siglas en inglés) para establecer los criterios de elegibilidad de los estudios en la búsqueda bibliográfica2929 Moola S, Munn Z, Sears K, Sfetcu R, Currie M, Lisy K, Tufanaru C, Qureshi R, Mattis P, Mu P. Conducting systematic reviews of association (etiology): The Joanna Briggs Institute's approach. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015 Sep;13(3):163-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000064. PMID: 26262566.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/XEB.000000000...
.

Tabla 1.
Metodología PEO.

Búsqueda bibliográfica.

Este estudio siguió las pautas de la declaración PRISMA (en inglés, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 3030 Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Moher D. Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: development of the PRISMA 2020 statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021 Jun; 134:103-112. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.20...
. Se realizaron búsquedas bibliográficas en las bases de datos de Web of Science, PubMed y SCOPUS desde 2010 hasta marzo de 2022 para identificar estudios sobre el uso de cigarros electrónicos y los espacios libres de humo. Se eligió este periodo de tiempo debido a que en 2013 se publicó el primer informe de la OMS para ayudar a los países de todo el mundo a desarrollar políticas de cara a regular los cigarros electrónicos en los espacios libres de humo 2424 Grana R, Benowitz N, Glantz SA. Background paper on e-cigarettes (electronic nicotine delivery systems). World Health Organization report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013.. La búsqueda bibliográfica se limitó a los idiomas inglés, portugués y español. Se emplearon términos relacionados con el uso de cigarro electrónico y los ambientes libres de humo de tabaco/vapeo, combinando los siguientes descriptores MeSH (en inglés, Medical Subject Headings) con sus respectivos sinónimos: Smoke-Free Policy, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Young Adult y Adult. Se utilizaron los operadores booleanos OR y AND para refinar la búsqueda, como se muestra en la TABLA 2.

Tabla 2.
Estrategia de búsqueda ejecutada en PudMed(a).

Criterios de inclusión y exclusión.

Para que los resultados de la revisión sistemática sean comparables y precisos, se incluyeron aquellos estudios que analizaron el uso de cigarros electrónicos en los espacios libres de humo, que incluyeran a población de adultos jóvenes (quince a veintinueve años) y adultos (más de veintinueve años). Se excluyeron de la revisión los estudios de tipo cualitativos, resúmenes de congresos, capítulos de libros o artículos que no reportaran resultados empíricos.

Extracción y análisis de datos.

Se realizaron cuatro etapas en el proceso de revisión:

  • Un revisor ejecutó la búsqueda electrónica de registros en las bases de datos y eliminó los registros duplicados con el apoyo del paquete informático de gestión de referencias Endnote© version X9 3131 Bramer WM, Milic J, Mast F. Reviewing retrieved references for inclusion in systematic reviews using EndNote. J Med Libr Assoc. 2017 Jan;105(1):84-87. https://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2017.111
    https://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2017.111...
    .

  • Dos revisores evaluaron los registros de forma independiente (simple ciego) para su inclusión utilizando la aplicación web-móvil Rayyan para revisiones sistemáticas 3232 Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 5;5(1):210. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
    https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-03...
    . Los artículos fueron excluidos si el título y el resumen no se centraban en el uso de cigarros electrónicos y las políticas libres de humo y/o vapeo. Si el artículo no podía ser rechazado con certeza, se revisó el articulo a texto completo. Las diferencias se resolvieron mediante discusión y consenso entre los revisores.

  • Un revisor extrajo los datos de los estudios incluidos mediante un formulario y un segundo revisor verificó estos datos. Se extrajo la siguiente información de cada estudio: 1) autor; 2) año de publicación; 3) lugar del estudio; 4) diseño y muestra; 5) recolección de datos y tasa de respuesta; 6) medición de las variables de estudio; y 7) resultados. Además, se examinaron las listas de referencias de todos los estudios incluidos para identificar cualquier estudio adicional que cumpliera con los criterios de inclusión. El nivel de la evidencia de los estudios se evaluó mediante la escala de la Practicing Chiropractors’ Committee on Radiology Protocols, debido a que incluye en su valoración estudios observacionales y no se limita a los ensayos clínicos 3333 Practicing Chiropractors' Committee on Radiology Protocols. PCCRP Document Section I: Description of Levels of Evidence, Grades and Recommendations. 2009. http://www.pccrp.org/
    http://www.pccrp.org/...
    . El riesgo de sesgo se analizó a nivel de los estudios con la Herramienta de Evaluación de Métodos Mixtos, en su apartado 4 para estudios observacionales 3434 Hong QN, Fàbregues S, Bartlett G, Boardman F, Cargo M, Dagenais P et al. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers. Educ Inf. 2018;34(4):285-291.32..

  • Después de la extracción de datos, análisis y discusión de los estudios incluidos, los hallazgos se sintetizaron cualitativamente por categorías de espacios libres de humo y/o vapeo debido a la heterogeneidad metodológica sustancial entre las mediciones y resultados.

RESULTADOS

Resultados de la búsqueda.

La búsqueda inicial en las bases de datos identificó 861 registros, de los cuales 131 registros fueron eliminados por duplicidad. Después de examinar los títulos y resúmenes de cada registro, se excluyeron 672 artículos. De los cincuenta y ocho artículos restantes evaluados para la elegibilidad, treinta y siete artículos fueron excluidos por no cubrir los criterios de inclusión (población, resultados y diseño del estudio). Finalmente, se incluyeron un total de veintiún artículos en esta revisión sistemática [FIGURA 1].

Figura 1.
Diagrama PRISMA.

Características de los estudios.

Todos los estudios se realizaron en países de altos ingresos, principalmente en Estados Unidos 3535 Allen B, Stuart GL. Decreased Cigarette Smoking but No Change in Use of Electronic Cigarettes Following a University-Wide Smoking Ban. Subst Abuse. 2019 Sep 12; 13:1178221819874351. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221819874351 4242 Friedman AS, Oliver JF, Busch SH. Adding vaping restrictions to smoke-free air laws: associations with conventional and electronic cigarette use. Addiction. 2021 Aug;116(8):2198-2206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434...
4444 Hershberger AR, Karyadi KA, Cyders MA. Prohibition of e-cigarettes in the US: Are prohibitions where alcohol is consumed related to lower alcohol consumption? J Public Health Policy. 2016 Dec;37(4):483-499. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-0033-0
https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-00...
4545 Huang J, Kim Y, Vera L, Emery SL. Electronic Cigarettes Among Priority Populations: Role of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Control Policies. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Feb;50(2):199-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.032. Epub 2015 Sep 26. PMID: 26410185; PMCID: PMC4718827.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015...
4747 Leavens ELS, Lechner WV, Stevens EM, Miller MB, Meier E, Brett EI, Moisiuc A, Hale JJ, Wagener TL. Electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette use following a campus-wide ban: Prevalence of use and harm perceptions. J Am Coll Health. 2020 May-Jun;68(4):332-335. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1551803
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018...
4848 Lee B, Lin HC, Seo DC. Inclusion of electronic nicotine delivery systems in indoor smoke-free air policies and associated vaping behavior. Addict Behav. 2019 Nov;98:106061. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106061
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019...
5050 Llanes K, Cabriales JA, Hernandez N, Cooper TV. Electronic cigarette use after the adoption of a tobacco-free campus policy. Addict Behav. 2019 Mar;90:324-328. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.037
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5555 Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e16-e18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
. Las edades de los participantes fueron de quince a setenta y dos años. El número de participantes fue de 395 a 894.997 personas. De los estudios que informaron el sexo, en promedio el 50,3% fueron hombres. Los datos se obtuvieron en su mayoría a través de encuestas en línea disponibles en web 3737 Braverman MT, Geldhof GJ, Hoogesteger LA, Johnson JA. Predicting students' noncompliance with a smoke-free university campus policy. Prev Med. 2018 Sep;114:209-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.07.002
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018....
3838 Brown EM, Henes AL, Olson LT. E-Cigarette Policies on College Campuses: Student Use Behaviors, Awareness, and Policy Support. J Community Health. 2016 Dec;41(6):1110-1115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0262-y
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-02...
3939 Cheng KW, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C, Ngo A, Fong GT, Borland R, Heckman BW, Levy DT, Cummings KM. Prices, use restrictions and electronic cigarette use-evidence from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction. 2019 Oct;114 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):115-122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562...
4444 Hershberger AR, Karyadi KA, Cyders MA. Prohibition of e-cigarettes in the US: Are prohibitions where alcohol is consumed related to lower alcohol consumption? J Public Health Policy. 2016 Dec;37(4):483-499. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-0033-0
https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-00...
4545 Huang J, Kim Y, Vera L, Emery SL. Electronic Cigarettes Among Priority Populations: Role of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Control Policies. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Feb;50(2):199-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.032. Epub 2015 Sep 26. PMID: 26410185; PMCID: PMC4718827.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015...
4646 Kiyohara K, Tabuchi T. Electronic cigarette use in restaurants and workplaces where combustible tobacco smoking is not allowed: an Internet survey in Japan. Tob Control. 2018 May;27(3):254-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053581
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5050 Llanes K, Cabriales JA, Hernandez N, Cooper TV. Electronic cigarette use after the adoption of a tobacco-free campus policy. Addict Behav. 2019 Mar;90:324-328. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.037
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5454 Siripongvutikorn Y, Tabuchi T, Okawa S. Workplace smoke-free policies that allow heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes use are associated with use of both these products and conventional tobacco smoking: the 2018 JASTIS study. Tob Control. 2021 Mar;30(2):147-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055465
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5555 Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e16-e18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
y de entrevistas personales 3636 Azagba S, Shan L, Manzione L. Associations of home and workplace vaping restrictions with e-cigarette use among U.S. adults. Prev Med. 2020 Oct;139:106196. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106196
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020....
4141 Dunbar ZR, Giovino G, Wei B, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML, Travers MJ. Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014-2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 4;17(3):978. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030978
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1703097...
4242 Friedman AS, Oliver JF, Busch SH. Adding vaping restrictions to smoke-free air laws: associations with conventional and electronic cigarette use. Addiction. 2021 Aug;116(8):2198-2206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434...
4343 Gallus S, Borroni E, Liu X, Carrozzi L, Dalla Pietra G, Eslami Varzaneh S, Harari S, Inciso G, Martucci P, Papale M, Pistelli F, Polla B, Polo MF, Principe R, Pulerà N, Raschi S, Sarzani R, Serafini A, Odone A, van den Brandt P, Lugo A. Electronic cigarette use among Italian smokers: patterns, settings, and adverse events. Tumori. 2020 Apr 26:300891620915784. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915784
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915...
5151 Matilla-Santander N, Fu M, Ballbè M, Bunch K, Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Use of electronic cigarettes in public and private settings in Barcelona (Spain). Environ Res. 2017 Oct;158:685-690. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.019
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017...
5252 Nguyen HV, Bornstein S. Changes in adults' vaping and smoking behaviours associated with aerosol-free laws. Tob Control. 2021 Nov;30(6):644-652. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055705
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
. Los criterios de inclusión fueron tener una edad específica (en todos los estudios revisados), asistir a la universidad 3535 Allen B, Stuart GL. Decreased Cigarette Smoking but No Change in Use of Electronic Cigarettes Following a University-Wide Smoking Ban. Subst Abuse. 2019 Sep 12; 13:1178221819874351. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221819874351 3737 Braverman MT, Geldhof GJ, Hoogesteger LA, Johnson JA. Predicting students' noncompliance with a smoke-free university campus policy. Prev Med. 2018 Sep;114:209-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.07.002
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018....
3838 Brown EM, Henes AL, Olson LT. E-Cigarette Policies on College Campuses: Student Use Behaviors, Awareness, and Policy Support. J Community Health. 2016 Dec;41(6):1110-1115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0262-y
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-02...
4747 Leavens ELS, Lechner WV, Stevens EM, Miller MB, Meier E, Brett EI, Moisiuc A, Hale JJ, Wagener TL. Electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette use following a campus-wide ban: Prevalence of use and harm perceptions. J Am Coll Health. 2020 May-Jun;68(4):332-335. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1551803
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018...
5050 Llanes K, Cabriales JA, Hernandez N, Cooper TV. Electronic cigarette use after the adoption of a tobacco-free campus policy. Addict Behav. 2019 Mar;90:324-328. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.037
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018...
o a un hospital 4343 Gallus S, Borroni E, Liu X, Carrozzi L, Dalla Pietra G, Eslami Varzaneh S, Harari S, Inciso G, Martucci P, Papale M, Pistelli F, Polla B, Polo MF, Principe R, Pulerà N, Raschi S, Sarzani R, Serafini A, Odone A, van den Brandt P, Lugo A. Electronic cigarette use among Italian smokers: patterns, settings, and adverse events. Tumori. 2020 Apr 26:300891620915784. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915784
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915...
, ser usuarios de cigarros electrónicos 3939 Cheng KW, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C, Ngo A, Fong GT, Borland R, Heckman BW, Levy DT, Cummings KM. Prices, use restrictions and electronic cigarette use-evidence from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction. 2019 Oct;114 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):115-122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562...
4040 Du Y, Liu B, Xu G, Rong S, Sun Y, Wu Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Bao W. Association of Electronic Cigarette Regulations With Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20255
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
4242 Friedman AS, Oliver JF, Busch SH. Adding vaping restrictions to smoke-free air laws: associations with conventional and electronic cigarette use. Addiction. 2021 Aug;116(8):2198-2206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434...
4343 Gallus S, Borroni E, Liu X, Carrozzi L, Dalla Pietra G, Eslami Varzaneh S, Harari S, Inciso G, Martucci P, Papale M, Pistelli F, Polla B, Polo MF, Principe R, Pulerà N, Raschi S, Sarzani R, Serafini A, Odone A, van den Brandt P, Lugo A. Electronic cigarette use among Italian smokers: patterns, settings, and adverse events. Tumori. 2020 Apr 26:300891620915784. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915784
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915...
4646 Kiyohara K, Tabuchi T. Electronic cigarette use in restaurants and workplaces where combustible tobacco smoking is not allowed: an Internet survey in Japan. Tob Control. 2018 May;27(3):254-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053581
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
4848 Lee B, Lin HC, Seo DC. Inclusion of electronic nicotine delivery systems in indoor smoke-free air policies and associated vaping behavior. Addict Behav. 2019 Nov;98:106061. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106061
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019...
5252 Nguyen HV, Bornstein S. Changes in adults' vaping and smoking behaviours associated with aerosol-free laws. Tob Control. 2021 Nov;30(6):644-652. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055705
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5555 Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e16-e18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, consumir alcohol 4444 Hershberger AR, Karyadi KA, Cyders MA. Prohibition of e-cigarettes in the US: Are prohibitions where alcohol is consumed related to lower alcohol consumption? J Public Health Policy. 2016 Dec;37(4):483-499. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-0033-0
https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-00...
, tener trabajo 5454 Siripongvutikorn Y, Tabuchi T, Okawa S. Workplace smoke-free policies that allow heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes use are associated with use of both these products and conventional tobacco smoking: the 2018 JASTIS study. Tob Control. 2021 Mar;30(2):147-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055465
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
y/o ser población no institucionalizada 3636 Azagba S, Shan L, Manzione L. Associations of home and workplace vaping restrictions with e-cigarette use among U.S. adults. Prev Med. 2020 Oct;139:106196. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106196
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020....
4444 Hershberger AR, Karyadi KA, Cyders MA. Prohibition of e-cigarettes in the US: Are prohibitions where alcohol is consumed related to lower alcohol consumption? J Public Health Policy. 2016 Dec;37(4):483-499. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-0033-0
https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-00...
4545 Huang J, Kim Y, Vera L, Emery SL. Electronic Cigarettes Among Priority Populations: Role of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Control Policies. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Feb;50(2):199-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.032. Epub 2015 Sep 26. PMID: 26410185; PMCID: PMC4718827.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015...
. Solo un estudio no describió sus criterios de inclusión 4949 Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Saliba P, Graffelman J, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Correlation between tobacco control policies, consumption of rolled tobacco and e-cigarettes, and intention to quit conventional tobacco, in Europe. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(2):149-152. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052482
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
[TABLA 3].

Tabla 3.
Características de los estudios incluidos en la revisión.

Evaluación de la calidad y riesgo de sesgo.

El total de los estudios revisados 3535 Allen B, Stuart GL. Decreased Cigarette Smoking but No Change in Use of Electronic Cigarettes Following a University-Wide Smoking Ban. Subst Abuse. 2019 Sep 12; 13:1178221819874351. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221819874351 3636 Azagba S, Shan L, Manzione L. Associations of home and workplace vaping restrictions with e-cigarette use among U.S. adults. Prev Med. 2020 Oct;139:106196. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106196
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020....
3737 Braverman MT, Geldhof GJ, Hoogesteger LA, Johnson JA. Predicting students' noncompliance with a smoke-free university campus policy. Prev Med. 2018 Sep;114:209-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.07.002
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018....
3838 Brown EM, Henes AL, Olson LT. E-Cigarette Policies on College Campuses: Student Use Behaviors, Awareness, and Policy Support. J Community Health. 2016 Dec;41(6):1110-1115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0262-y
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-02...
3939 Cheng KW, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C, Ngo A, Fong GT, Borland R, Heckman BW, Levy DT, Cummings KM. Prices, use restrictions and electronic cigarette use-evidence from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction. 2019 Oct;114 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):115-122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562...
4040 Du Y, Liu B, Xu G, Rong S, Sun Y, Wu Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Bao W. Association of Electronic Cigarette Regulations With Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20255
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
4141 Dunbar ZR, Giovino G, Wei B, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML, Travers MJ. Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014-2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 4;17(3):978. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030978
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1703097...
4242 Friedman AS, Oliver JF, Busch SH. Adding vaping restrictions to smoke-free air laws: associations with conventional and electronic cigarette use. Addiction. 2021 Aug;116(8):2198-2206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434...
4343 Gallus S, Borroni E, Liu X, Carrozzi L, Dalla Pietra G, Eslami Varzaneh S, Harari S, Inciso G, Martucci P, Papale M, Pistelli F, Polla B, Polo MF, Principe R, Pulerà N, Raschi S, Sarzani R, Serafini A, Odone A, van den Brandt P, Lugo A. Electronic cigarette use among Italian smokers: patterns, settings, and adverse events. Tumori. 2020 Apr 26:300891620915784. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915784
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915...
4444 Hershberger AR, Karyadi KA, Cyders MA. Prohibition of e-cigarettes in the US: Are prohibitions where alcohol is consumed related to lower alcohol consumption? J Public Health Policy. 2016 Dec;37(4):483-499. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-0033-0
https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-00...
4545 Huang J, Kim Y, Vera L, Emery SL. Electronic Cigarettes Among Priority Populations: Role of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Control Policies. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Feb;50(2):199-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.032. Epub 2015 Sep 26. PMID: 26410185; PMCID: PMC4718827.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015...
4646 Kiyohara K, Tabuchi T. Electronic cigarette use in restaurants and workplaces where combustible tobacco smoking is not allowed: an Internet survey in Japan. Tob Control. 2018 May;27(3):254-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053581
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
4747 Leavens ELS, Lechner WV, Stevens EM, Miller MB, Meier E, Brett EI, Moisiuc A, Hale JJ, Wagener TL. Electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette use following a campus-wide ban: Prevalence of use and harm perceptions. J Am Coll Health. 2020 May-Jun;68(4):332-335. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1551803
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018...
4848 Lee B, Lin HC, Seo DC. Inclusion of electronic nicotine delivery systems in indoor smoke-free air policies and associated vaping behavior. Addict Behav. 2019 Nov;98:106061. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106061
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019...
4949 Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Saliba P, Graffelman J, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Correlation between tobacco control policies, consumption of rolled tobacco and e-cigarettes, and intention to quit conventional tobacco, in Europe. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(2):149-152. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052482
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5050 Llanes K, Cabriales JA, Hernandez N, Cooper TV. Electronic cigarette use after the adoption of a tobacco-free campus policy. Addict Behav. 2019 Mar;90:324-328. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.037
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018...
5151 Matilla-Santander N, Fu M, Ballbè M, Bunch K, Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Use of electronic cigarettes in public and private settings in Barcelona (Spain). Environ Res. 2017 Oct;158:685-690. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.019
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017...
5252 Nguyen HV, Bornstein S. Changes in adults' vaping and smoking behaviours associated with aerosol-free laws. Tob Control. 2021 Nov;30(6):644-652. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055705
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5454 Siripongvutikorn Y, Tabuchi T, Okawa S. Workplace smoke-free policies that allow heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes use are associated with use of both these products and conventional tobacco smoking: the 2018 JASTIS study. Tob Control. 2021 Mar;30(2):147-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055465
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5555 Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e16-e18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
presentan un nivel bajo de evidencia científica (IV) debido a que presentan diseños observacionales de corte transversal 3333 Practicing Chiropractors' Committee on Radiology Protocols. PCCRP Document Section I: Description of Levels of Evidence, Grades and Recommendations. 2009. http://www.pccrp.org/
http://www.pccrp.org/...
. Por otro lado, en la FIGURA 2 se observa la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo de los estudios, en la cual solo tres estudios mostraron un riesgo bajo de sesgo a nivel individual 3636 Azagba S, Shan L, Manzione L. Associations of home and workplace vaping restrictions with e-cigarette use among U.S. adults. Prev Med. 2020 Oct;139:106196. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106196
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020....
4141 Dunbar ZR, Giovino G, Wei B, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML, Travers MJ. Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014-2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 4;17(3):978. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030978
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1703097...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
; por lo tanto, se considera que la evidencia tiene un alto riesgo de sesgo para la mayoría de los estudios incluidos. A nivel global, los altos riesgos de sesgo que se identificaron en la mayoría de los estudios fueron en la estrategia de muestreo (no probabilístico), las mediciones utilizadas (no adecuadas) y la falta de respuesta (falta de información o tasas bajas de respuesta) en los estudios.

Figura 2.
Evaluación del riesgo de sesgo de los estudios incluidos en la revisión sistemática.

Medición de variables.

El uso de cigarros electrónicos se midió en los estudios mediante preguntas autoinformadas sobre frecuencia de uso en alguna vez en la vida 3838 Brown EM, Henes AL, Olson LT. E-Cigarette Policies on College Campuses: Student Use Behaviors, Awareness, and Policy Support. J Community Health. 2016 Dec;41(6):1110-1115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0262-y
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-02...
4040 Du Y, Liu B, Xu G, Rong S, Sun Y, Wu Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Bao W. Association of Electronic Cigarette Regulations With Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20255
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
4545 Huang J, Kim Y, Vera L, Emery SL. Electronic Cigarettes Among Priority Populations: Role of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Control Policies. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Feb;50(2):199-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.032. Epub 2015 Sep 26. PMID: 26410185; PMCID: PMC4718827.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015...
4747 Leavens ELS, Lechner WV, Stevens EM, Miller MB, Meier E, Brett EI, Moisiuc A, Hale JJ, Wagener TL. Electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette use following a campus-wide ban: Prevalence of use and harm perceptions. J Am Coll Health. 2020 May-Jun;68(4):332-335. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1551803
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018...
4949 Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Saliba P, Graffelman J, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Correlation between tobacco control policies, consumption of rolled tobacco and e-cigarettes, and intention to quit conventional tobacco, in Europe. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(2):149-152. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052482
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5252 Nguyen HV, Bornstein S. Changes in adults' vaping and smoking behaviours associated with aerosol-free laws. Tob Control. 2021 Nov;30(6):644-652. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055705
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, en los últimos seis meses 4343 Gallus S, Borroni E, Liu X, Carrozzi L, Dalla Pietra G, Eslami Varzaneh S, Harari S, Inciso G, Martucci P, Papale M, Pistelli F, Polla B, Polo MF, Principe R, Pulerà N, Raschi S, Sarzani R, Serafini A, Odone A, van den Brandt P, Lugo A. Electronic cigarette use among Italian smokers: patterns, settings, and adverse events. Tumori. 2020 Apr 26:300891620915784. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915784
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915...
, en los últimos treinta días 3535 Allen B, Stuart GL. Decreased Cigarette Smoking but No Change in Use of Electronic Cigarettes Following a University-Wide Smoking Ban. Subst Abuse. 2019 Sep 12; 13:1178221819874351. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221819874351 3737 Braverman MT, Geldhof GJ, Hoogesteger LA, Johnson JA. Predicting students' noncompliance with a smoke-free university campus policy. Prev Med. 2018 Sep;114:209-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.07.002
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018....
3939 Cheng KW, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C, Ngo A, Fong GT, Borland R, Heckman BW, Levy DT, Cummings KM. Prices, use restrictions and electronic cigarette use-evidence from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction. 2019 Oct;114 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):115-122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562...
4141 Dunbar ZR, Giovino G, Wei B, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML, Travers MJ. Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014-2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 4;17(3):978. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030978
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1703097...
4242 Friedman AS, Oliver JF, Busch SH. Adding vaping restrictions to smoke-free air laws: associations with conventional and electronic cigarette use. Addiction. 2021 Aug;116(8):2198-2206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434...
5050 Llanes K, Cabriales JA, Hernandez N, Cooper TV. Electronic cigarette use after the adoption of a tobacco-free campus policy. Addict Behav. 2019 Mar;90:324-328. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.037
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018...
5151 Matilla-Santander N, Fu M, Ballbè M, Bunch K, Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Use of electronic cigarettes in public and private settings in Barcelona (Spain). Environ Res. 2017 Oct;158:685-690. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.019
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017...
5252 Nguyen HV, Bornstein S. Changes in adults' vaping and smoking behaviours associated with aerosol-free laws. Tob Control. 2021 Nov;30(6):644-652. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055705
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5454 Siripongvutikorn Y, Tabuchi T, Okawa S. Workplace smoke-free policies that allow heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes use are associated with use of both these products and conventional tobacco smoking: the 2018 JASTIS study. Tob Control. 2021 Mar;30(2):147-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055465
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, uso actual 4444 Hershberger AR, Karyadi KA, Cyders MA. Prohibition of e-cigarettes in the US: Are prohibitions where alcohol is consumed related to lower alcohol consumption? J Public Health Policy. 2016 Dec;37(4):483-499. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-0033-0
https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-00...
4545 Huang J, Kim Y, Vera L, Emery SL. Electronic Cigarettes Among Priority Populations: Role of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Control Policies. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Feb;50(2):199-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.032. Epub 2015 Sep 26. PMID: 26410185; PMCID: PMC4718827.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015...
4747 Leavens ELS, Lechner WV, Stevens EM, Miller MB, Meier E, Brett EI, Moisiuc A, Hale JJ, Wagener TL. Electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette use following a campus-wide ban: Prevalence of use and harm perceptions. J Am Coll Health. 2020 May-Jun;68(4):332-335. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1551803
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018...
4848 Lee B, Lin HC, Seo DC. Inclusion of electronic nicotine delivery systems in indoor smoke-free air policies and associated vaping behavior. Addict Behav. 2019 Nov;98:106061. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106061
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, uso de cigarro electrónico sin especificar el tiempo 3636 Azagba S, Shan L, Manzione L. Associations of home and workplace vaping restrictions with e-cigarette use among U.S. adults. Prev Med. 2020 Oct;139:106196. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106196
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020....
4646 Kiyohara K, Tabuchi T. Electronic cigarette use in restaurants and workplaces where combustible tobacco smoking is not allowed: an Internet survey in Japan. Tob Control. 2018 May;27(3):254-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053581
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
4747 Leavens ELS, Lechner WV, Stevens EM, Miller MB, Meier E, Brett EI, Moisiuc A, Hale JJ, Wagener TL. Electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette use following a campus-wide ban: Prevalence of use and harm perceptions. J Am Coll Health. 2020 May-Jun;68(4):332-335. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1551803
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018...
4848 Lee B, Lin HC, Seo DC. Inclusion of electronic nicotine delivery systems in indoor smoke-free air policies and associated vaping behavior. Addict Behav. 2019 Nov;98:106061. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106061
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
y ex usuarios de cigarros electrónicos 4646 Kiyohara K, Tabuchi T. Electronic cigarette use in restaurants and workplaces where combustible tobacco smoking is not allowed: an Internet survey in Japan. Tob Control. 2018 May;27(3):254-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053581
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
. Un estudio utilizó el instrumento de Índice de Dependencia de Cigarros Electrónicos de Penn State 5555 Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e16-e18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
.

Los espacios libres se midieron a través de preguntas autoinformadas sobre el uso de cigarros electrónicos en espacios libres de humo 3939 Cheng KW, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C, Ngo A, Fong GT, Borland R, Heckman BW, Levy DT, Cummings KM. Prices, use restrictions and electronic cigarette use-evidence from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction. 2019 Oct;114 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):115-122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562...
4141 Dunbar ZR, Giovino G, Wei B, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML, Travers MJ. Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014-2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 4;17(3):978. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030978
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1703097...
4343 Gallus S, Borroni E, Liu X, Carrozzi L, Dalla Pietra G, Eslami Varzaneh S, Harari S, Inciso G, Martucci P, Papale M, Pistelli F, Polla B, Polo MF, Principe R, Pulerà N, Raschi S, Sarzani R, Serafini A, Odone A, van den Brandt P, Lugo A. Electronic cigarette use among Italian smokers: patterns, settings, and adverse events. Tumori. 2020 Apr 26:300891620915784. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915784
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915...
4545 Huang J, Kim Y, Vera L, Emery SL. Electronic Cigarettes Among Priority Populations: Role of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Control Policies. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Feb;50(2):199-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.032. Epub 2015 Sep 26. PMID: 26410185; PMCID: PMC4718827.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015...
4646 Kiyohara K, Tabuchi T. Electronic cigarette use in restaurants and workplaces where combustible tobacco smoking is not allowed: an Internet survey in Japan. Tob Control. 2018 May;27(3):254-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053581
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
4949 Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Saliba P, Graffelman J, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Correlation between tobacco control policies, consumption of rolled tobacco and e-cigarettes, and intention to quit conventional tobacco, in Europe. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(2):149-152. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052482
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5050 Llanes K, Cabriales JA, Hernandez N, Cooper TV. Electronic cigarette use after the adoption of a tobacco-free campus policy. Addict Behav. 2019 Mar;90:324-328. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.037
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5454 Siripongvutikorn Y, Tabuchi T, Okawa S. Workplace smoke-free policies that allow heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes use are associated with use of both these products and conventional tobacco smoking: the 2018 JASTIS study. Tob Control. 2021 Mar;30(2):147-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055465
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5555 Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e16-e18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, de vapeo 3636 Azagba S, Shan L, Manzione L. Associations of home and workplace vaping restrictions with e-cigarette use among U.S. adults. Prev Med. 2020 Oct;139:106196. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106196
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020....
3838 Brown EM, Henes AL, Olson LT. E-Cigarette Policies on College Campuses: Student Use Behaviors, Awareness, and Policy Support. J Community Health. 2016 Dec;41(6):1110-1115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0262-y
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-02...
3939 Cheng KW, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C, Ngo A, Fong GT, Borland R, Heckman BW, Levy DT, Cummings KM. Prices, use restrictions and electronic cigarette use-evidence from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction. 2019 Oct;114 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):115-122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562...
4040 Du Y, Liu B, Xu G, Rong S, Sun Y, Wu Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Bao W. Association of Electronic Cigarette Regulations With Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20255
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
4444 Hershberger AR, Karyadi KA, Cyders MA. Prohibition of e-cigarettes in the US: Are prohibitions where alcohol is consumed related to lower alcohol consumption? J Public Health Policy. 2016 Dec;37(4):483-499. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-0033-0
https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-00...
4848 Lee B, Lin HC, Seo DC. Inclusion of electronic nicotine delivery systems in indoor smoke-free air policies and associated vaping behavior. Addict Behav. 2019 Nov;98:106061. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106061
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019...
5151 Matilla-Santander N, Fu M, Ballbè M, Bunch K, Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Use of electronic cigarettes in public and private settings in Barcelona (Spain). Environ Res. 2017 Oct;158:685-690. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.019
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017...
y de humo/vapeo 3535 Allen B, Stuart GL. Decreased Cigarette Smoking but No Change in Use of Electronic Cigarettes Following a University-Wide Smoking Ban. Subst Abuse. 2019 Sep 12; 13:1178221819874351. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221819874351 3737 Braverman MT, Geldhof GJ, Hoogesteger LA, Johnson JA. Predicting students' noncompliance with a smoke-free university campus policy. Prev Med. 2018 Sep;114:209-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.07.002
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018....
4242 Friedman AS, Oliver JF, Busch SH. Adding vaping restrictions to smoke-free air laws: associations with conventional and electronic cigarette use. Addiction. 2021 Aug;116(8):2198-2206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434...
5252 Nguyen HV, Bornstein S. Changes in adults' vaping and smoking behaviours associated with aerosol-free laws. Tob Control. 2021 Nov;30(6):644-652. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055705
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, las cuales difirieron en concepto y operacionalización. Algunos estudios evaluaron un antes y después de los espacios libres de humo y/o vapeo 3535 Allen B, Stuart GL. Decreased Cigarette Smoking but No Change in Use of Electronic Cigarettes Following a University-Wide Smoking Ban. Subst Abuse. 2019 Sep 12; 13:1178221819874351. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221819874351 4747 Leavens ELS, Lechner WV, Stevens EM, Miller MB, Meier E, Brett EI, Moisiuc A, Hale JJ, Wagener TL. Electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette use following a campus-wide ban: Prevalence of use and harm perceptions. J Am Coll Health. 2020 May-Jun;68(4):332-335. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1551803
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018...
5050 Llanes K, Cabriales JA, Hernandez N, Cooper TV. Electronic cigarette use after the adoption of a tobacco-free campus policy. Addict Behav. 2019 Mar;90:324-328. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.037
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018...
, otros compararon el uso de cigarro electrónico entre estados con o sin leyes de espacios libres de humo y/o vapeo 4040 Du Y, Liu B, Xu G, Rong S, Sun Y, Wu Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Bao W. Association of Electronic Cigarette Regulations With Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20255
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
4242 Friedman AS, Oliver JF, Busch SH. Adding vaping restrictions to smoke-free air laws: associations with conventional and electronic cigarette use. Addiction. 2021 Aug;116(8):2198-2206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434...
4545 Huang J, Kim Y, Vera L, Emery SL. Electronic Cigarettes Among Priority Populations: Role of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Control Policies. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Feb;50(2):199-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.032. Epub 2015 Sep 26. PMID: 26410185; PMCID: PMC4718827.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015...
4848 Lee B, Lin HC, Seo DC. Inclusion of electronic nicotine delivery systems in indoor smoke-free air policies and associated vaping behavior. Addict Behav. 2019 Nov;98:106061. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106061
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019...
5252 Nguyen HV, Bornstein S. Changes in adults' vaping and smoking behaviours associated with aerosol-free laws. Tob Control. 2021 Nov;30(6):644-652. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055705
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, unos preguntaron a los participantes si habían vapeado 3636 Azagba S, Shan L, Manzione L. Associations of home and workplace vaping restrictions with e-cigarette use among U.S. adults. Prev Med. 2020 Oct;139:106196. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106196
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020....
3737 Braverman MT, Geldhof GJ, Hoogesteger LA, Johnson JA. Predicting students' noncompliance with a smoke-free university campus policy. Prev Med. 2018 Sep;114:209-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.07.002
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018....
3939 Cheng KW, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C, Ngo A, Fong GT, Borland R, Heckman BW, Levy DT, Cummings KM. Prices, use restrictions and electronic cigarette use-evidence from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction. 2019 Oct;114 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):115-122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562...
4141 Dunbar ZR, Giovino G, Wei B, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML, Travers MJ. Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014-2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 4;17(3):978. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030978
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1703097...
4343 Gallus S, Borroni E, Liu X, Carrozzi L, Dalla Pietra G, Eslami Varzaneh S, Harari S, Inciso G, Martucci P, Papale M, Pistelli F, Polla B, Polo MF, Principe R, Pulerà N, Raschi S, Sarzani R, Serafini A, Odone A, van den Brandt P, Lugo A. Electronic cigarette use among Italian smokers: patterns, settings, and adverse events. Tumori. 2020 Apr 26:300891620915784. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915784
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915...
4444 Hershberger AR, Karyadi KA, Cyders MA. Prohibition of e-cigarettes in the US: Are prohibitions where alcohol is consumed related to lower alcohol consumption? J Public Health Policy. 2016 Dec;37(4):483-499. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-0033-0
https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-00...
4646 Kiyohara K, Tabuchi T. Electronic cigarette use in restaurants and workplaces where combustible tobacco smoking is not allowed: an Internet survey in Japan. Tob Control. 2018 May;27(3):254-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053581
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5151 Matilla-Santander N, Fu M, Ballbè M, Bunch K, Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Use of electronic cigarettes in public and private settings in Barcelona (Spain). Environ Res. 2017 Oct;158:685-690. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.019
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5454 Siripongvutikorn Y, Tabuchi T, Okawa S. Workplace smoke-free policies that allow heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes use are associated with use of both these products and conventional tobacco smoking: the 2018 JASTIS study. Tob Control. 2021 Mar;30(2):147-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055465
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5555 Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e16-e18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
u observado a personas vapear 3838 Brown EM, Henes AL, Olson LT. E-Cigarette Policies on College Campuses: Student Use Behaviors, Awareness, and Policy Support. J Community Health. 2016 Dec;41(6):1110-1115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0262-y
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-02...
3939 Cheng KW, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C, Ngo A, Fong GT, Borland R, Heckman BW, Levy DT, Cummings KM. Prices, use restrictions and electronic cigarette use-evidence from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction. 2019 Oct;114 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):115-122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562...
en los espacios libres de humo y/o vapeo. Solo un estudio utilizó la Escala de Control de Tabaco para evaluar las prohibiciones de fumar en lugares públicos y de trabajo 4949 Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Saliba P, Graffelman J, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Correlation between tobacco control policies, consumption of rolled tobacco and e-cigarettes, and intention to quit conventional tobacco, in Europe. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(2):149-152. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052482
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
.

Resultados de los estudios

Espacios libres de humo.

En siete estudios encontraron asociación estadística entre el uso de cigarros electrónicos y los espacios libres de humo. El uso de cigarro electrónico aumentó por día (F [2,3752]=51,04; p<0,001) al inicio (Media=1,19; SD=1,50), al mes (Media=3,10; SD=6,04) y al año (Media=2,62; SD=5,62) después de implementar los espacios libres de humo 5050 Llanes K, Cabriales JA, Hernandez N, Cooper TV. Electronic cigarette use after the adoption of a tobacco-free campus policy. Addict Behav. 2019 Mar;90:324-328. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.037
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018...
. Además, se identificó que vivir (efecto marginal ME=0,17; p<0,05) 3939 Cheng KW, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C, Ngo A, Fong GT, Borland R, Heckman BW, Levy DT, Cummings KM. Prices, use restrictions and electronic cigarette use-evidence from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction. 2019 Oct;114 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):115-122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562...
o trabajar (ARR=3,86; IC95%=1,97-7,57) en lugares donde se permite vapear en áreas libres de humo se asoció con un aumento en la probabilidad de vapear 5454 Siripongvutikorn Y, Tabuchi T, Okawa S. Workplace smoke-free policies that allow heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes use are associated with use of both these products and conventional tobacco smoking: the 2018 JASTIS study. Tob Control. 2021 Mar;30(2):147-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055465
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
. Así mismo, los vapeadores que usaban el cigarro electrónico a diario (AOR=2,04; IC95%=1,39-3,01; AOR=2,08; IC95%=1,17-3,70) 4141 Dunbar ZR, Giovino G, Wei B, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML, Travers MJ. Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014-2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 4;17(3):978. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030978
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1703097...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, con más frecuencia al día (t[3958]=3,78; p<0,001) 5555 Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e16-e18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, que eran más dependientes (AOR=3,10; IC95%=1,36-7,07; t[3958]=3,23; p=0,001) 4343 Gallus S, Borroni E, Liu X, Carrozzi L, Dalla Pietra G, Eslami Varzaneh S, Harari S, Inciso G, Martucci P, Papale M, Pistelli F, Polla B, Polo MF, Principe R, Pulerà N, Raschi S, Sarzani R, Serafini A, Odone A, van den Brandt P, Lugo A. Electronic cigarette use among Italian smokers: patterns, settings, and adverse events. Tumori. 2020 Apr 26:300891620915784. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915784
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915...
5555 Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e16-e18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, que utilizaban al cigarro electrónico para reducir (AOR=2,38; IC95%=1,86-3,05), abandonar (AOR=1,52; IC95%=1,20-1,92) o como alternativa (AOR=1,71; IC95%=1,37-2,13) del consumo de cigarro convencional se asociaron con mayor probabilidad de uso de cigarro electrónico en lugares libres de humo 4141 Dunbar ZR, Giovino G, Wei B, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML, Travers MJ. Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014-2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 4;17(3):978. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030978
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1703097...
.

Contrario a lo anterior, un estudio reportó correlación negativa de uso alguna vez de cigarros electrónicos (rsp=-0,40; IC95%=-0,70--0,04) en los espacios libres de humo 4949 Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Saliba P, Graffelman J, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Correlation between tobacco control policies, consumption of rolled tobacco and e-cigarettes, and intention to quit conventional tobacco, in Europe. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(2):149-152. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052482
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
y dos estudios no hallaron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el uso de cigarros electrónicos y las políticas de espacios libres de humo en restaurantes, lugares de trabajo 4646 Kiyohara K, Tabuchi T. Electronic cigarette use in restaurants and workplaces where combustible tobacco smoking is not allowed: an Internet survey in Japan. Tob Control. 2018 May;27(3):254-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053581
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
y en estados con y sin prohibiciones integrales de fumar 4545 Huang J, Kim Y, Vera L, Emery SL. Electronic Cigarettes Among Priority Populations: Role of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Control Policies. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Feb;50(2):199-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.032. Epub 2015 Sep 26. PMID: 26410185; PMCID: PMC4718827.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015...
.

Espacios libres de vapeo.

En cinco estudios indicaron correlación del uso de cigarros electrónicos en los espacios libres de vapeo. Los participantes con restricciones de vapeo en el hogar (Parcial AOR=0,51; IC95%=0,40-0,66; Total AOR=0,07; IC95%=0,05-0,09) 43643 Gallus S, Borroni E, Liu X, Carrozzi L, Dalla Pietra G, Eslami Varzaneh S, Harari S, Inciso G, Martucci P, Papale M, Pistelli F, Polla B, Polo MF, Principe R, Pulerà N, Raschi S, Sarzani R, Serafini A, Odone A, van den Brandt P, Lugo A. Electronic cigarette use among Italian smokers: patterns, settings, and adverse events. Tumori. 2020 Apr 26:300891620915784. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915784
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915...
, en bares (OR=0,12; p p<0,001) 4444 Hershberger AR, Karyadi KA, Cyders MA. Prohibition of e-cigarettes in the US: Are prohibitions where alcohol is consumed related to lower alcohol consumption? J Public Health Policy. 2016 Dec;37(4):483-499. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-0033-0
https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-00...
y en los estados donde vivían (AOR=0,90; IC95%=0,83-0,98; AOR=0,79; IC95%=0,64-0,97) 4040 Du Y, Liu B, Xu G, Rong S, Sun Y, Wu Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Bao W. Association of Electronic Cigarette Regulations With Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20255
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
4848 Lee B, Lin HC, Seo DC. Inclusion of electronic nicotine delivery systems in indoor smoke-free air policies and associated vaping behavior. Addict Behav. 2019 Nov;98:106061. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106061
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019...
tenían menor probabilidad de uso actual de cigarros electrónicos en comparación con aquellos participantes que eran residentes de lugares sin restricción de vapeo. Además, un estudio identificó que, en espacios no regulados, el uso de cigarros electrónicos con nicotina se asoció con mayor probabilidad de usar el dispositivo en el trabajo (AOR=2,01; IC95%=1,34-3,01) y menor probabilidad de usarlo en clubes nocturnos (AOR=0,56; IC95%=0,39-0,82) 5151 Matilla-Santander N, Fu M, Ballbè M, Bunch K, Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Use of electronic cigarettes in public and private settings in Barcelona (Spain). Environ Res. 2017 Oct;158:685-690. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.019
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017...
.

A diferencia de lo anterior, dos estudios informaron que la restricción de vapeo (parcial AOR=0,86; IC95%=0,53-1,39; total AOR=0,73; IC95%=0,51-1,06) en el lugar de trabajo 3838 Brown EM, Henes AL, Olson LT. E-Cigarette Policies on College Campuses: Student Use Behaviors, Awareness, and Policy Support. J Community Health. 2016 Dec;41(6):1110-1115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0262-y
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-02...
no difirieron significativamente en el uso de cigarros electrónicos en comparación con aquellos participantes que residían en lugares sin una restricción de vapeo.

Espacios libres de humo/vapeo

. En dos estudios hallaron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre menor uso de cigarros electrónicos y las políticas de espacios libres de humo/vapeo. Los participantes con restricciones de vapeo en la universidad (después de la prohibición β =-0,77; IC95%=-1,30--0,20) 4747 Leavens ELS, Lechner WV, Stevens EM, Miller MB, Meier E, Brett EI, Moisiuc A, Hale JJ, Wagener TL. Electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette use following a campus-wide ban: Prevalence of use and harm perceptions. J Am Coll Health. 2020 May-Jun;68(4):332-335. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1551803
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018...
o en el trabajo (β =-0,040; IC95%=-0,072--0,007) 4242 Friedman AS, Oliver JF, Busch SH. Adding vaping restrictions to smoke-free air laws: associations with conventional and electronic cigarette use. Addiction. 2021 Aug;116(8):2198-2206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434...
tuvieron mayor probabilidad de no ser usuarios de cigarros electrónicos o de disminuir la frecuencia de consumo en comparación con los participantes que residían en lugares sin restricciones.

Paradójico a los estudios anteriores, dos estudios informaron que no existe correlación entre el uso de cigarros electrónicos y los espacios libres de humo/vapeo. Después de las prohibiciones de vapeo en estados (β =0,004; IC95%=-0,025-0,032; p=0,783) 5252 Nguyen HV, Bornstein S. Changes in adults' vaping and smoking behaviours associated with aerosol-free laws. Tob Control. 2021 Nov;30(6):644-652. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055705
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
o en la universidad (después de la prohibición AOR=1,04; IC95%=0,76-1,42) 3535 Allen B, Stuart GL. Decreased Cigarette Smoking but No Change in Use of Electronic Cigarettes Following a University-Wide Smoking Ban. Subst Abuse. 2019 Sep 12; 13:1178221819874351. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221819874351, el uso de cigarros electrónicos no cambió significativamente en los lugares con prohibición en comparación con los lugares sin prohibición. Además, un estudio informó que el incremento en los días de vapeo (X2 de Wald=3,27; p=0,35) 3737 Braverman MT, Geldhof GJ, Hoogesteger LA, Johnson JA. Predicting students' noncompliance with a smoke-free university campus policy. Prev Med. 2018 Sep;114:209-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.07.002
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018....
no predijo la frecuencia del incumplimiento de los espacios libres de humo/vapeo en la universidad.

DISCUSIÓN

Los resultados de esta revisión evidencian que los espacios libres de humo y/o vapeo están asociados al uso de cigarros electrónicos en los adultos jóvenes y adultos. Se identificaron tres tipos de políticas: la primera fue espacios libres de humo, enfocada a la prohibición de fumar cigarro convencional; la segunda fue espacios libres de vapeo, enfocada a la prohibición de uso de cigarros electrónicos; y la tercera fue espacios libres de humo/vapeo, enfocada a la prohibición de fumar cigarros convencionales y electrónicos.

La mayoría de los estudios (n=15) respaldan asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el uso de cigarros electrónicos y los espacios libres de humo y/o vapeo. Las investigaciones que evaluaron los espacios libres de humo reportaron mayor probabilidad de uso de cigarros electrónicos 3939 Cheng KW, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C, Ngo A, Fong GT, Borland R, Heckman BW, Levy DT, Cummings KM. Prices, use restrictions and electronic cigarette use-evidence from wave 1 (2016) US data of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Addiction. 2019 Oct;114 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):115-122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14562...
4141 Dunbar ZR, Giovino G, Wei B, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML, Travers MJ. Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014-2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 4;17(3):978. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030978
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1703097...
4343 Gallus S, Borroni E, Liu X, Carrozzi L, Dalla Pietra G, Eslami Varzaneh S, Harari S, Inciso G, Martucci P, Papale M, Pistelli F, Polla B, Polo MF, Principe R, Pulerà N, Raschi S, Sarzani R, Serafini A, Odone A, van den Brandt P, Lugo A. Electronic cigarette use among Italian smokers: patterns, settings, and adverse events. Tumori. 2020 Apr 26:300891620915784. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915784
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915...
4949 Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Saliba P, Graffelman J, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Correlation between tobacco control policies, consumption of rolled tobacco and e-cigarettes, and intention to quit conventional tobacco, in Europe. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(2):149-152. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052482
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5050 Llanes K, Cabriales JA, Hernandez N, Cooper TV. Electronic cigarette use after the adoption of a tobacco-free campus policy. Addict Behav. 2019 Mar;90:324-328. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.037
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5454 Siripongvutikorn Y, Tabuchi T, Okawa S. Workplace smoke-free policies that allow heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes use are associated with use of both these products and conventional tobacco smoking: the 2018 JASTIS study. Tob Control. 2021 Mar;30(2):147-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055465
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5555 Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e16-e18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
. Los factores que aumentan la probabilidad de uso de cigarros electrónicos en estos espacios fueron el vapeo diario (dependencia) y utilizar el cigarro electrónico para dejar de fumar. Por lo que estos resultados sugieren que los participantes usan el cigarro electrónico como alternativa a la prohibición de fumar cigarro convencional en los espacios libres de humo 5252 Nguyen HV, Bornstein S. Changes in adults' vaping and smoking behaviours associated with aerosol-free laws. Tob Control. 2021 Nov;30(6):644-652. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055705
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, ya que en muchos países la normatividad de prohibición no incluye al cigarro electrónico 2525 Kennedy RD, Awopegba A, De León E, Cohen JE. Global approaches to regulating electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. 2017 Jul;26(4):440-445. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053179
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, o bien debido a que pueden ser utilizados mediante un vapeo sigiloso en lugares donde están prohibidos 5656 Yingst JM, Lester C, Veldheer S, Allen SI, Du P, Foulds J. E-cigarette users commonly stealth vape in places where e-cigarette use is prohibited. Tob Control. 2019 Sep;28(5):493-497. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054432
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
. Estos resultados se consideran consistentes debido a que los estudios que obtuvieron alto y bajo riesgo de sesgo obtuvieron resultados similares y los análisis fueron adecuados, además de que la mayoría de los estudios preguntaron específicamente si habían utilizado cigarros electrónicos en lugares donde estaba prohibido fumar 4141 Dunbar ZR, Giovino G, Wei B, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML, Travers MJ. Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014-2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 4;17(3):978. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030978
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1703097...
4343 Gallus S, Borroni E, Liu X, Carrozzi L, Dalla Pietra G, Eslami Varzaneh S, Harari S, Inciso G, Martucci P, Papale M, Pistelli F, Polla B, Polo MF, Principe R, Pulerà N, Raschi S, Sarzani R, Serafini A, Odone A, van den Brandt P, Lugo A. Electronic cigarette use among Italian smokers: patterns, settings, and adverse events. Tumori. 2020 Apr 26:300891620915784. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915784
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891620915...
4949 Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Saliba P, Graffelman J, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Correlation between tobacco control policies, consumption of rolled tobacco and e-cigarettes, and intention to quit conventional tobacco, in Europe. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(2):149-152. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052482
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5353 Shi Y, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Use of electronic cigarettes in smoke-free environments. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e19-e22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053118
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5454 Siripongvutikorn Y, Tabuchi T, Okawa S. Workplace smoke-free policies that allow heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes use are associated with use of both these products and conventional tobacco smoking: the 2018 JASTIS study. Tob Control. 2021 Mar;30(2):147-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055465
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
5555 Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e16-e18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
.

Contrario a los resultados anteriores, un estudio informó una correlación estadísticamente negativa entre el uso de cigarros electrónicos y los espacios libres de humo 4949 Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Saliba P, Graffelman J, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Correlation between tobacco control policies, consumption of rolled tobacco and e-cigarettes, and intention to quit conventional tobacco, in Europe. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(2):149-152. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052482
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
. Este resultado puede deberse a que se utilizó el uso alguna vez del cigarro electrónico como medida de prevalencia y una escala que evalúa el grado de restricciones de los espacios libres de humo, diferente a los estudios que encontraron correlaciones positivas donde se utilizó el uso del cigarro electrónico en los últimos treinta días y preguntas específicas de consumo en los espacios libres de humo; no estratificar el consumo de los participantes (uso alguna vez y uso actual) puede influir en el resultado de correlación negativa, ya que algunos estudios han señalado que los consumidores no diarios tienen menor probabilidad de vapear en espacios libres de humo 4141 Dunbar ZR, Giovino G, Wei B, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML, Travers MJ. Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014-2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 4;17(3):978. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030978
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1703097...
5555 Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hammett E, Hrabovsky S, Foulds J. Should electronic cigarette use be covered by clean indoor air laws? Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e16-e18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053074
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
.

Por otro lado, dos estudios no identificaron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas del uso de cigarros electrónicos con los espacios libres de humo 4545 Huang J, Kim Y, Vera L, Emery SL. Electronic Cigarettes Among Priority Populations: Role of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Control Policies. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Feb;50(2):199-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.032. Epub 2015 Sep 26. PMID: 26410185; PMCID: PMC4718827.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015...
4646 Kiyohara K, Tabuchi T. Electronic cigarette use in restaurants and workplaces where combustible tobacco smoking is not allowed: an Internet survey in Japan. Tob Control. 2018 May;27(3):254-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053581
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
. Algunas explicaciones plausibles a estos resultados pueden deberse a que en el estudio de Huang et al. 4545 Huang J, Kim Y, Vera L, Emery SL. Electronic Cigarettes Among Priority Populations: Role of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Control Policies. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Feb;50(2):199-209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.032. Epub 2015 Sep 26. PMID: 26410185; PMCID: PMC4718827.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015...
solo diferenciaron a los participantes que vivían en estados con y sin leyes estatales de espacios libres de vapeo, sin preguntarles si habían usado el cigarro electrónico en los espacios libres de vapeo, lo que puede sesgar los resultados del estudio. Así mismo, en el estudio de Kiyohara y Tabuchi 4646 Kiyohara K, Tabuchi T. Electronic cigarette use in restaurants and workplaces where combustible tobacco smoking is not allowed: an Internet survey in Japan. Tob Control. 2018 May;27(3):254-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053581
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
, además de que utilizaron un muestreo de conveniencia, no informaron sobre la tasa de respuesta; la baja prevalencia de usuarios de cigarro electrónico en Japón 5757 Tabuchi T, Kiyohara K, Hoshino T, Bekki K, Inaba Y, Kunugita N. Awareness and use of electronic cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products in Japan. Addiction. 2016 Apr;111(4):706-713. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13231
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13231...
y la falta de implementación de prohibiciones legislativas a nivel nacional que cubran todas las áreas para fumar pudieron sesgar los resultados del estudio.

Los hallazgos de las políticas de los espacios libres de vapeo fueron más consistentes. La mayoría de los estudios hallaron menor probabilidad de uso de cigarros electrónicos en espacios libres de vapeo 3636 Azagba S, Shan L, Manzione L. Associations of home and workplace vaping restrictions with e-cigarette use among U.S. adults. Prev Med. 2020 Oct;139:106196. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106196
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020....
4040 Du Y, Liu B, Xu G, Rong S, Sun Y, Wu Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Bao W. Association of Electronic Cigarette Regulations With Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20255
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
4444 Hershberger AR, Karyadi KA, Cyders MA. Prohibition of e-cigarettes in the US: Are prohibitions where alcohol is consumed related to lower alcohol consumption? J Public Health Policy. 2016 Dec;37(4):483-499. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-0033-0
https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-00...
4848 Lee B, Lin HC, Seo DC. Inclusion of electronic nicotine delivery systems in indoor smoke-free air policies and associated vaping behavior. Addict Behav. 2019 Nov;98:106061. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106061
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019...
5151 Matilla-Santander N, Fu M, Ballbè M, Bunch K, Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Use of electronic cigarettes in public and private settings in Barcelona (Spain). Environ Res. 2017 Oct;158:685-690. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.019
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017...
. Sin embargo, los resultados deben interpretarse con cautela, debido a que en dos estudios 4040 Du Y, Liu B, Xu G, Rong S, Sun Y, Wu Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Bao W. Association of Electronic Cigarette Regulations With Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20255
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
4848 Lee B, Lin HC, Seo DC. Inclusion of electronic nicotine delivery systems in indoor smoke-free air policies and associated vaping behavior. Addict Behav. 2019 Nov;98:106061. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106061
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019...
solo identificaron los estados con leyes estatales de espacios libres de vapeo, sin preguntar a los participantes si usaron el cigarro electrónico en los espacios libres de vapeo. Además, un estudio 5151 Matilla-Santander N, Fu M, Ballbè M, Bunch K, Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Fernández E, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Use of electronic cigarettes in public and private settings in Barcelona (Spain). Environ Res. 2017 Oct;158:685-690. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.019
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017...
solo preguntó el uso de cigarro electrónico en lugares públicos y privados sin considerar si los lugares aplicaban la política de espacios libres de vapeo.

Por otro lado, un estudio no encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las prevalencias de uso de cigarros electrónicos y los espacios libres de vapeo 3838 Brown EM, Henes AL, Olson LT. E-Cigarette Policies on College Campuses: Student Use Behaviors, Awareness, and Policy Support. J Community Health. 2016 Dec;41(6):1110-1115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0262-y
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-02...
. Esto pudo deberse a que la evaluación del uso de cigarros electrónicos se realizó a partir de una pregunta indirecta sobre si los participantes habían visto a alguien usar cigarros electrónicos en la universidad. Debido a esto, al diseño muestral y a la falta de información de la tasa de respuesta se considera que los resultados pueden estar altamente sesgados.

Con respecto a las políticas de espacios libres de humo y vapeo, se identificó reducción en el vapeo reciente 4242 Friedman AS, Oliver JF, Busch SH. Adding vaping restrictions to smoke-free air laws: associations with conventional and electronic cigarette use. Addiction. 2021 Aug;116(8):2198-2206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15434...
o menor probabilidad de ser usuario actual de cigarros electrónicos 4747 Leavens ELS, Lechner WV, Stevens EM, Miller MB, Meier E, Brett EI, Moisiuc A, Hale JJ, Wagener TL. Electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette use following a campus-wide ban: Prevalence of use and harm perceptions. J Am Coll Health. 2020 May-Jun;68(4):332-335. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1551803
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018...
cuando se implementó esta política. En ambos estudios, las preguntas solo evaluaron si los estados en donde vivían los participantes contaban con leyes de espacios libres de humo y vapeo. En contraparte a los estudios anteriores, tres estudios no encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la prevalencia del uso de los cigarros electrónicos después de la prohibición de fumar y vapear en universidades 3535 Allen B, Stuart GL. Decreased Cigarette Smoking but No Change in Use of Electronic Cigarettes Following a University-Wide Smoking Ban. Subst Abuse. 2019 Sep 12; 13:1178221819874351. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221819874351 3737 Braverman MT, Geldhof GJ, Hoogesteger LA, Johnson JA. Predicting students' noncompliance with a smoke-free university campus policy. Prev Med. 2018 Sep;114:209-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.07.002
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018....
y estados 5252 Nguyen HV, Bornstein S. Changes in adults' vaping and smoking behaviours associated with aerosol-free laws. Tob Control. 2021 Nov;30(6):644-652. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055705
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontro...
. De la misma manera que estudios anteriores, estos resultados se deben interpretar con precaución dado que no se preguntó específicamente sobre el uso del cigarro electrónico en los lugares mencionados, no se dio seguimiento de los participantes para el antes/después de los espacios libres de humo/vapeo y el consumo de otros productos de tabaco en los participantes pudieron sesgar los resultados.

El estudio actual tiene algunas fortalezas, pues incluye estudios con muestras grandes y estimaciones del efecto ajustadas para posibles factores de confusión. Además, los resultados de los estudios con diseños de muestreo probabilísticos y de conveniencia fueron consistentes. Sin embargo, deben señalarse algunas limitaciones de nuestro estudio. Primero, la búsqueda se limitó a tres idiomas y bases de datos; estas características pudieron sesgar el número de estudios incluidos en esta revisión. En segundo lugar, hubo heterogeneidad en las mediciones de los espacios libres de humo y vapeo. En tercer lugar, los estudios incluidos fueron transversales, lo que no permite obtener conclusiones causales sobre el uso de cigarros electrónicos y los espacios libres de humo y/o vapeo. En cuarto lugar, tanto los datos de exposición como los de resultados se basan en autoinformes, lo que puede ser susceptible de información errónea. En quinto lugar, la mayoría de los estudios tuvieron tasas de respuesta baja que pueden limitar los resultados. En sexto lugar, la mayoría de los estudios no evaluaron el tipo de dispositivo de cigarro electrónico utilizado, la frecuencia de uso, la composición del líquido electrónico o si los cigarros electrónicos contenían nicotina o no. Esta información es especialmente importante, ya que la exposición a la nicotina puede ser fundamental para el posterior comportamiento de vapear. Finalmente, el uso de cigarros electrónicos coexistió generalmente con el consumo de cigarro convencional en algunos estudios. En consecuencia, puede ser difícil probar que los espacios libres de humo y vapeo influyen en el uso de cigarros electrónicos cuando ambos comportamientos coexisten.

A modo de conclusiones, señalar que los estudios transversales sugieren que el uso de cigarros electrónicos y la implementación de espacios libres de humo y vapeo están asociados. En los espacios libres de humo existe mayor probabilidad de uso de cigarros electrónicos y en los espacios libres de vapeo hay menor probabilidad de uso del cigarro electrónico. Por lo tanto, se requiere la implementación simultanea de estas políticas para reducir el uso del cigarro electrónico. Con respecto a los espacios que aplican los espacios libres de humo y vapeo los resultados empíricos se consideran no consistentes.

Con base a la fuerza y especificidad de asociaciones, la consistencia de los hallazgos en los estudios transversales, la temporalidad de la exposición y el riesgo de sesgo de los estudios se concluye que se requiere más evidencia de estudios con metodologías rigurosas para confirmar los hallazgos encontrados en esta revisión sistemática. Por ello, se deben realizar investigaciones longitudinales con seguimiento para evaluar el efecto de los espacios libres de humo y vapeo en el uso de los cigarros electrónicos. También se requiere incorporar en los estudios las variables contextuales que influyen en el uso de cigarro electrónico en los espacios libres de humo y vapeo, así como implementar investigaciones de estas políticas en países de medianos y bajos ingresos.

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  • Publicación en esta colección
    24 Feb 2025
  • Fecha del número
    Jan-Dec 2023

Histórico

  • Recibido
    12 Jun 2022
  • Acepto
    27 Nov 2023
Ministerio de Sanidad Madrid - Madrid - Spain
E-mail: resp@sanidad.gob.es