Cases of violence against people with disabilities notified by Brazilian health services, 2011-2017

Mello, Nicole Freitas de; Pereira, Éverton Luís; Pereira, Vinícius Oliveira de Moura; Santos, Leonor Maria Pacheco

doi:10.1590/s1679-49742021000300007

Abstract

Objective:

To describe cases of violence against people with disabilities notified by Brazilian health services between 2011 and 2017.

Methods:

This was a descriptive study of secondary data on notifications of violence against people with disabilities recorded on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (Sinan).

Results:

116,219 cases of violence against people with disabilities were recorded in the period. Most of the victims were female (67%), White (50.7%), between 20 and 59 years old (61.6%) and mentally disabled (58.1%), with multiple disabilities occurring frequently (15.9%), especially mental and intellectual disabilities. Self-inflicted violence accounted for 44.5% of notifications. Physical violence was the most reported (51.6%), and in 36.5% of notifications the probable aggressor was a family member.

Conclusion:

The description of cases of violence against people with disabilities notified by Brazilian health services can contribute to the formulation and improvement of public policies to address this important problem.

Keywords:
Violence; Disabled Persons; Health Services; Notification; Health Information Systems; Epidemiology, Descriptive.

Introduction

Violence affects the lives of millions of people and results in significant consequences.¹1. World Health Organization. Relatório mundial sobre a prevenção da violência. Geneva: WHO; 2014. Standing out among the victims of violence are people with disabilities, who account for some 15% of the global population.²2. Organização Mundial da Saúde, Banco Mundial. Relatório mundial sobre a deficiência [Internet]. São Paulo: 2012. [acesso 6 mar. 2019]. 360 p.Disponível em: Disponível em: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9788564047020_por.pdf?ua=1
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/20...

It is estimated that people with disabilities are 50% more likely to experience violence, compared to people without disabilities.³3. Lennard D. Disability rights and wrongs revisited. Scand J Disabil Res. 2014 Oct 31;17(1): 95-7. doi: http://doi.org/10.1080/15017419.2014.967808
https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1080/1... ^,⁴4. Hughes K, Belis MA, Jones L, Wood S, Bates G, Eckley L, et al. Prevalence and risk of violence against adults with disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet. 2012 Apr 28;379(9826):1621-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61851-5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61... This marked disproportion is due to asymmetry in power relations to which those with disabilities are submitted, making them very vulnerable.⁵5. Abberley P. The Concept of Oppression and the Development of a Social Model of DisabilityAbberley. Disabil Handicap Soc. 1987;2(1):5-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02674648766780021.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/... ^,⁶6. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCDS. Representações sociais sobre direitos e violência na área da deficiência. Cien Saude Colet. 2009;14(1):57-66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000100011.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/...

Notification of violence against people with disabilities is required by law, the purpose of which is to give visibility to this complex problem and strengthen the fight for equity in public policies.⁷7. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Viva: instrutivo notificação de violência interpessoal e autoprovocada [Internet]. 2a. ed. Brasília, DF; 2016 [acesso 6 mar. 2019]. 92 p. Available from: Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_instrutivo_violencia_interpessoal_
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... In this context, several instruments have been built to address this form of violence, including: the 2007 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities;⁸8. United Nations. Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities and its Optional Protocol (A/RES/61/106) [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 17 nov. 2019]. Disponível em : Disponível em : https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/convtexte.htm
https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rig... the 2010 National Policy on the Health of People with Disabilities;⁹9. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Política nacional de saúde da pessoa com deficiência [Internet]. Brasília, DF; 2010 [ acesso 23 mar. 2020]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.saude.gov.br/editora
http://www.saude.gov.br/editora... and the 2015 Brazilian Law on Inclusion of People with Disabilities.¹⁰10. Brasil. Lei n.o 13.146, de 6 de julho de 2015. Lei Brasileira de Inclusão da Pessoa com Deficiência (Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência). Brasília, DF; [Governo Federal]; 2015.

Given the relevance of the topic, the unprecedented nature of studies on violence against people with disabilities thus far, and in order to support public policies aimed at addressing, preventing and assisting victims and perpetrators of this form of violence, this study aimed to describe cases of violence against people with disabilities notified by Brazilian health services between 2011 and 2017.

Methods

This is a descriptive epidemiological study of cases of violence against people with disabilities, notified in Brazilian health services between 2011 and 2017.

The data used in this study were retrieved from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (Sinan), which holds information derived from Individual Interpersonal and Self-Inflicted Violence Notification Forms filled out in health services. With effect from 2011, this form of violence has been included on the mandatory notification list recommended and adopted in all health services in Brazil.⁷7. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Viva: instrutivo notificação de violência interpessoal e autoprovocada [Internet]. 2a. ed. Brasília, DF; 2016 [acesso 6 mar. 2019]. 92 p. Available from: Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_instrutivo_violencia_interpessoal_
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe...

The following variables were defined for analysis, relating to:

a) Victim
- Sex (male or female; notifications containing invalid information or blank fields were not included);
- Race/skin color (white, black, yellow or indigenous; the black and brown race/skin color categories were grouped together as ‘black’);
- Age group (in years: up to 9; 10-19; 20-59; 60 and over);
- Type of disability (mental, intellectual, physical, sensory or other disabilities; the ‘mental disorder’ and ‘behavior disorder’ categories were grouped together as ‘mental disability’, while the ‘visual disability’ and ‘hearing disability’ categories were grouped together as ‘sensory disability’).
b) Event
- Self-inflicted violence (yes or no; these were considered to be cases in which people receiving health care/victims had injured themselves or attempted suicide, i.e. had tried to take their own lives, but did not succeed);⁷7. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Viva: instrutivo notificação de violência interpessoal e autoprovocada [Internet]. 2a. ed. Brasília, DF; 2016 [acesso 6 mar. 2019]. 92 p. Available from: Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_instrutivo_violencia_interpessoal_
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe...
- Nature of the violence (physical violence; psychological/moral; violence negligence/abandonment; sexual violence; financial/economic violence; torture; legal intervention; child labor; human trafficking; other types of violence);
- Repeated violence (yes or no).
c) Probable aggressor
- Relationship with the probable aggressor (family member; intimate partner; friend/acquaintance; other ties; stranger);
- Sex of the probable author (male; female; both sexes);
- Suspected alcohol use by the probable aggressor (yes or no).

We used the types of disability/disorder and violence listed in the document entitled Instructions for Notifying Interpersonal and Self-inflicted Violence (VIVA), prepared and published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.⁷7. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Viva: instrutivo notificação de violência interpessoal e autoprovocada [Internet]. 2a. ed. Brasília, DF; 2016 [acesso 6 mar. 2019]. 92 p. Available from: Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_instrutivo_violencia_interpessoal_
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe...

Pearson's chi-square test was used to assess differences between the proportions calculated for the variables according to gender. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0.

As the study project was based on anonymous secondary data, it was exempted from review by a Research Ethics Committee.

Results

In Brazil, 1,429,931 cases of interpersonal or self-inflicted violence were reported between 2011 and 2017, of which 116,219 (8.1%) were cases of violence against people with disabilities.

The notified cases were concentrated in females (66.7%). Half of the victims (50.7%) were of white race/skin color and 61.6% were between 20 and 59 years old. Mental disability was the most frequent among the types of disability reported in this study (58.1%), followed by intellectual disability (22.1%) (Table 1).

No record of the victim's type of disability was found for 5,855 notifications (5.0%), while 18,486 (15.9%) reported people with multiple disabilities, and it is noteworthy that there were 8,405 cases of overlapping mental disability and intellectual disability.

Self-inflicted violence among people with disabilities corresponded to 44.5% of total notifications. As for interpersonal violence, physical violence was the most reported type (51.6%), with psychological/moral violence (23%) and neglect/abandonment (15.0%) standing out, in addition to sexual violence (12.2%), especially against women. More than half of the notifications (51.7%) reported recurrent violence, with the majority of victims being women (54.6%) (Table 2).

The main probable aggressors were family members (36.5%), followed by intimate partners (21.5%). Most aggressors were male (60.2%). In most cases, alcohol use was not suspected (48.0%) (Table 3).

Thumbnail

Table 1
- Distribution of notifications of violence against people with disabilities (n=116,219), according to the characteristics of the victim, Brazil, 2011-2017

Thumbnail

Table 2
- Distribution of notifications of violence against people with disabilities (n=116,219), according to the characteristics of the event, Brazil, 2011-2017

Thumbnail

Table 3
- Distribution of notifications of violence against people with disabilities (n=116,219), according to the characteristics of the probable aggressor, Brazil, 2011-2017

Discussion

Most cases of violence against people with disabilities notified in Brazilian health services between 2011 and 2017, related to victims who were female, of white race/skin color, adults and people with mental disability. Occurrence of multiple disabilities, especially mental and intellectual disabilities, was frequent. Notifications of self-inflicted violence and physical violence stood out. The main probable aggressor was a member of the victim's own family.

The main limitation of this study is the possibility of case underreporting. The notifications we analyzed represent an approximation, but not the totality of cases. They are limited to people in situations of violence who sought health services, received care, and whose cases were notified by the health workers who saw to them.¹¹11. Pereira VO M, Pinto IV, Mascarenhas MDM, Shimizu HE, Ramalho WM, Fagg CW. Violências contra adolescentes: análise das notificações realizadas no setor saúde, Brasil, 2011-2017. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2020;23(supl 1): e200004.SUPL.1. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200004.supl.1.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159...

Another limitation of this study is the fragility or imprecision of the information on the type of disability, making it difficult to analyze the data corresponding to each form of disability. In the specific case of mental and intellectual disabilities, several changes in these definitions over the years - and over the course of history - have led to possible confusion between the terminologies used;¹²12. Sanches-Ferreira M, Lopes-Dos-Santos P, Santos MA. A desconstrução do conceito de deficiência mental e a construção do conceito de incapacidade intelectual: De uma perspetiva estática a uma perspetiva dinâmica da funcionalidade. Rev Bras Educ Espec. 2012;18(4):553-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-65382012000400002.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... ^,¹³13. Santos S, Morato P. Acertando o Passo! Falar de deficiência mental é um erro: deve falar-se de dificuldade intelectual e desenvolvimental (DID): por quê? Rev Bras Educ Esp. 2012;18(1)3-16. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-65382012000100002.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... in addition to the quality of the information produced, which is at times incomplete or contains errors.

Violence against people with disabilities occurred more frequently among females, corroborating the findings in the literature.³3. Lennard D. Disability rights and wrongs revisited. Scand J Disabil Res. 2014 Oct 31;17(1): 95-7. doi: http://doi.org/10.1080/15017419.2014.967808
https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1080/1... ^,¹⁴14. Mello AG, Nuernberg AH. Gênero e deficiência : interseções e perspectivas. Rev Estud Fem. 2012;20(3):635-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-026X2012000300003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-026X2012... ^,¹⁵15. Minayo MC S, Souza ER, Silva MMA, Assis SG. Institucionalização do tema da violência no SUS: avanços e desafios. Cien Saude Colet. 2018;23(6):2007-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018236.04962018.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... It has been noted that overlapping of vulnerabilities associated with disability, race/color/ethnicity, social class and age group can make some people even more prone to suffering violence.¹⁴14. Mello AG, Nuernberg AH. Gênero e deficiência : interseções e perspectivas. Rev Estud Fem. 2012;20(3):635-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-026X2012000300003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-026X2012... ^,¹⁶16. Groce N, Kett M, Lang R, Trani JF. Disability and poverty: The need for a more nuanced understanding of implications for development policy and practice Third World Q. ; 2011;32(8): 1493-513. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.604520.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...

The notifications indicated that people with disabilities who suffered violence were predominantly of White race/skin color. However, the possibility of underreporting exists, resulting, for example, from Black people having less access to health services, in addition to the naturalization of violence among this population.¹⁷17. Werneck J. Racismo institucional e saúde da população negra. Saude Soc. 2016 Jul 1;25(3):535-49. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-129020162610.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... The high percentage of notifications with no information on race/skin color could also influence the analysis performed in this study.

Such underreporting can also be significant in relation to the most vulnerable age groups, such as the elderly and children. These groups tend to have a higher degree of dependence, more difficulties in accessing health services and other impediments; or, simply, reluctance to report what happened, especially when the aggressor is the victim's own carer, father and/or mother.³3. Lennard D. Disability rights and wrongs revisited. Scand J Disabil Res. 2014 Oct 31;17(1): 95-7. doi: http://doi.org/10.1080/15017419.2014.967808
https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1080/1...

The main disabilities reported were mental and intellectual disabilities, similarly to what is found in the literature.²2. Organização Mundial da Saúde, Banco Mundial. Relatório mundial sobre a deficiência [Internet]. São Paulo: 2012. [acesso 6 mar. 2019]. 360 p.Disponível em: Disponível em: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9788564047020_por.pdf?ua=1
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/20... ^,³3. Lennard D. Disability rights and wrongs revisited. Scand J Disabil Res. 2014 Oct 31;17(1): 95-7. doi: http://doi.org/10.1080/15017419.2014.967808
https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1080/1... ^,¹⁸18. Cavalcante FG, Marinho AS N, Bastos OM, Deus VV, Maimone MS, Carvalho MM, et al. Diagnóstico situacional da violência contra crianças e adolescentes com deficiência em três instituições do Rio de Janeiro. Cien Saude Colet. 2009;14(1)45-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000100010.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... Greater exposure of children and young people with mental disabilities or multiple disabilities to different types of violence may be explained by difficulties they face in doing their daily activities, as well as by the care provided by carers.¹⁸18. Cavalcante FG, Marinho AS N, Bastos OM, Deus VV, Maimone MS, Carvalho MM, et al. Diagnóstico situacional da violência contra crianças e adolescentes com deficiência em três instituições do Rio de Janeiro. Cien Saude Colet. 2009;14(1)45-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000100010.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159...

The high proportion of notified self-inflicted violence among people with disabilities (44.5%), especially those with mental disabilities, has been revealed by research and analysis of the relationship between mental disability, self-inflicted violence and suicide. According to those studies, having a mental disorder is an important risk factor for suicide.¹⁹19. Klonsky ED, May AM, Saffer BY. Suicide, Suicide Attempts, and Suicidal Ideation. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12(1):307-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/ 10.11...

20. Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A. Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective. World Psychiatry. 2002;1(3):181-5. PMC1489848^-²¹21. Human Rights Watch. Uma vida de isolamento e negligência em instituições para pessoas com deficiência no Brasil [Internet]. 2018 [ acesso 22 jan. 2020]. Available from: Available from: https://www.hrw.org/pt/report/2018/05/23/318044
https://www.hrw.org/pt/report/2018/05/23...

When someone with a disability has difficulty communicating, his or her guardian or carer is usually the person who provides information about him or her.⁷7. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Viva: instrutivo notificação de violência interpessoal e autoprovocada [Internet]. 2a. ed. Brasília, DF; 2016 [acesso 6 mar. 2019]. 92 p. Available from: Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_instrutivo_violencia_interpessoal_
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... In these cases, it is possible that part of the violence reported as self-harm is, in fact, perpetrated by the carers themselves.²¹21. Human Rights Watch. Uma vida de isolamento e negligência em instituições para pessoas com deficiência no Brasil [Internet]. 2018 [ acesso 22 jan. 2020]. Available from: Available from: https://www.hrw.org/pt/report/2018/05/23/318044
https://www.hrw.org/pt/report/2018/05/23...

The greater notification of physical violence we found may be related to visible marks on the victims’ bodies as they are easier to identify; this does not occur with other forms of violence, which require more detailed investigation.¹1. World Health Organization. Relatório mundial sobre a prevenção da violência. Geneva: WHO; 2014.^,¹²12. Sanches-Ferreira M, Lopes-Dos-Santos P, Santos MA. A desconstrução do conceito de deficiência mental e a construção do conceito de incapacidade intelectual: De uma perspetiva estática a uma perspetiva dinâmica da funcionalidade. Rev Bras Educ Espec. 2012;18(4):553-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-65382012000400002.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159...

Another aspect that stood out was the occurrence of psychological/moral violence and sexual violence among women with disabilities, besides repeated violence, and this is in keeping with the literature.¹⁵15. Minayo MC S, Souza ER, Silva MMA, Assis SG. Institucionalização do tema da violência no SUS: avanços e desafios. Cien Saude Colet. 2018;23(6):2007-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018236.04962018.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... ^,²²22. United Nations Population Fund. Young Persons with Disabilities: global study on ending gender-based violence, and realising sexual and reproductive health and rights [Internet]. 2018 [ acesso 6 dec. 2019]. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.unfpa.org/contact
https://www.unfpa.org/contact... In this context, the intersectional analysis we performed made it possible to examine and understand crosscutting issues for women with disabilities who are also victims of violence, including social, attitudinal, and welfare issues.²³23. Thiara RK, Hague G, Mullender A. Losing out on both counts: Disabled women and domestic violence. Disabil Soc. 2011;26(6):757-71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2011.602867
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...

The probable perpetrators of violence against people with disabilities were predominantly male, who had close or intimate involvement with the victims.³3. Lennard D. Disability rights and wrongs revisited. Scand J Disabil Res. 2014 Oct 31;17(1): 95-7. doi: http://doi.org/10.1080/15017419.2014.967808
https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1080/1... Given this finding, the difficulty in making the problem visible is greater, given the relational nature of the occurrence, the victims having less autonomy to communicate the event or even the stigma and feeling of shame regarding the aggression they suffered.

Another important issue raised by the study was the identification of the carer (in many cases, a family member) as the aggressor. The burden of care work can also generate violence²⁴24. Gomes PTM, Lima LHL, Bueno MKG, Araújo LA, Souza NM. Autism in Brazil: A systematic review of family challenges and coping strategies. Vol. 91, J Pediat. 2015;91(2):111-21. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2014.08.009.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.101... and in these cases, it is important that health workers pay close attention in order to detect hidden or sublimated violence, provide appropriate care and timely referral, in a humanized manner, within the health care and social protection network. In this sense, there is an urgent need for regulatory policies, policies on training and policies aimed at strengthening the act of caring, enabling qualification of carers of people with disabilities.

The violence surveillance system and the health care network for people with disabilities have different levels of coverage in states and municipalities. Added to this are the difficulties families face in seeking to guarantee their rights, access health services and, consequently, report the violence they experience.¹¹11. Pereira VO M, Pinto IV, Mascarenhas MDM, Shimizu HE, Ramalho WM, Fagg CW. Violências contra adolescentes: análise das notificações realizadas no setor saúde, Brasil, 2011-2017. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2020;23(supl 1): e200004.SUPL.1. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200004.supl.1.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... ^,²⁵25. Rates SMM, Melo EM, Mascarenhas MDM, Malta DC. Violence against children: An analysis of mandatory reporting of violence, Brazil 2011. Cienc Saude Colet. 2015;20(3):655-65. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015203.15242014.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159... ^,²⁶26. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MC. Representações sociais sobre direitos e violência na área da deficiência. Cienc Saude Colet. 2009;14(1):57-66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000100011
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.159...

The study revealed that violence causes serious consequences for people who experience it, and represents an even greater challenge for people with disabilities when they face barriers of various kinds and suffer all kinds of discrimination, prejudice, stigma and oppression.¹1. World Health Organization. Relatório mundial sobre a prevenção da violência. Geneva: WHO; 2014.^,²2. Organização Mundial da Saúde, Banco Mundial. Relatório mundial sobre a deficiência [Internet]. São Paulo: 2012. [acesso 6 mar. 2019]. 360 p.Disponível em: Disponível em: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9788564047020_por.pdf?ua=1
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/20...

We conclude that the description and assessment of cases of violence against people with disabilities, as notified by Brazilian health services, can contribute to the formulation and improvement of specific public policies on this important problem. Future studies should deepen the knowledge and analysis of the theme.

*
Article derived from the Master’s Degree dissertation entitled ‘Violence against people with disabilities: notifications made by Brazilian health services, 2011-2017’, defended by Nicole Freitas de Mello at the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Public Health Policies Postgraduate Program in 2020.
Associate Editor:
Suele Manjourany Duro - orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-0811
Scientific Editor:
Taís Freire Galvão - orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-4834
General Editor:
Leila Posenato Garcia - orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-2641
Erratum
In the article “Cases of violence against people with disabilities notified by Brazilian health services, 2011-2017”, doi: 10.1590/S1679-49742021000300007, published on Epidemiology and Health Services, 30(3):e2020747, 2021, in the page 01:
Original text:
Original article
Corrected text:
Research note

References

¹
World Health Organization. Relatório mundial sobre a prevenção da violência. Geneva: WHO; 2014.
²
Organização Mundial da Saúde, Banco Mundial. Relatório mundial sobre a deficiência [Internet]. São Paulo: 2012. [acesso 6 mar. 2019]. 360 p.Disponível em: Disponível em: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9788564047020_por.pdf?ua=1
» http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9788564047020_por.pdf?ua=1
³
Lennard D. Disability rights and wrongs revisited. Scand J Disabil Res. 2014 Oct 31;17(1): 95-7. doi: http://doi.org/10.1080/15017419.2014.967808
» https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1080/15017419.2014.967808
⁴
Hughes K, Belis MA, Jones L, Wood S, Bates G, Eckley L, et al. Prevalence and risk of violence against adults with disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet. 2012 Apr 28;379(9826):1621-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61851-5
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61851-5
⁵
Abberley P. The Concept of Oppression and the Development of a Social Model of DisabilityAbberley. Disabil Handicap Soc. 1987;2(1):5-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02674648766780021.
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02674648766780021
⁶
Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCDS. Representações sociais sobre direitos e violência na área da deficiência. Cien Saude Colet. 2009;14(1):57-66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000100011.
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000100011
⁷
Ministério da Saúde (BR). Viva: instrutivo notificação de violência interpessoal e autoprovocada [Internet]. 2a. ed. Brasília, DF; 2016 [acesso 6 mar. 2019]. 92 p. Available from: Available from: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_instrutivo_violencia_interpessoal_
» http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/viva_instrutivo_violencia_interpessoal_
⁸
United Nations. Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities and its Optional Protocol (A/RES/61/106) [Internet]. 2007 [acesso 17 nov. 2019]. Disponível em : Disponível em : https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/convtexte.htm
» https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/convtexte.htm
⁹
Ministério da Saúde (BR). Política nacional de saúde da pessoa com deficiência [Internet]. Brasília, DF; 2010 [ acesso 23 mar. 2020]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.saude.gov.br/editora
» http://www.saude.gov.br/editora
¹⁰
Brasil. Lei n.o 13.146, de 6 de julho de 2015. Lei Brasileira de Inclusão da Pessoa com Deficiência (Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência). Brasília, DF; [Governo Federal]; 2015.
¹¹
Pereira VO M, Pinto IV, Mascarenhas MDM, Shimizu HE, Ramalho WM, Fagg CW. Violências contra adolescentes: análise das notificações realizadas no setor saúde, Brasil, 2011-2017. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2020;23(supl 1): e200004.SUPL.1. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200004.supl.1.
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200004.supl.1
¹²
Sanches-Ferreira M, Lopes-Dos-Santos P, Santos MA. A desconstrução do conceito de deficiência mental e a construção do conceito de incapacidade intelectual: De uma perspetiva estática a uma perspetiva dinâmica da funcionalidade. Rev Bras Educ Espec. 2012;18(4):553-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-65382012000400002.
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-65382012000400002
¹³
Santos S, Morato P. Acertando o Passo! Falar de deficiência mental é um erro: deve falar-se de dificuldade intelectual e desenvolvimental (DID): por quê? Rev Bras Educ Esp. 2012;18(1)3-16. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-65382012000100002.
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-65382012000100002
¹⁴
Mello AG, Nuernberg AH. Gênero e deficiência : interseções e perspectivas. Rev Estud Fem. 2012;20(3):635-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-026X2012000300003
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-026X2012000300003
¹⁵
Minayo MC S, Souza ER, Silva MMA, Assis SG. Institucionalização do tema da violência no SUS: avanços e desafios. Cien Saude Colet. 2018;23(6):2007-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018236.04962018.
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018236.04962018
¹⁶
Groce N, Kett M, Lang R, Trani JF. Disability and poverty: The need for a more nuanced understanding of implications for development policy and practice Third World Q. ; 2011;32(8): 1493-513. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.604520.
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.604520
¹⁷
Werneck J. Racismo institucional e saúde da população negra. Saude Soc. 2016 Jul 1;25(3):535-49. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-129020162610.
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-129020162610
¹⁸
Cavalcante FG, Marinho AS N, Bastos OM, Deus VV, Maimone MS, Carvalho MM, et al. Diagnóstico situacional da violência contra crianças e adolescentes com deficiência em três instituições do Rio de Janeiro. Cien Saude Colet. 2009;14(1)45-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000100010.
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000100010
¹⁹
Klonsky ED, May AM, Saffer BY. Suicide, Suicide Attempts, and Suicidal Ideation. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12(1):307-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204.
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204
²⁰
Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A. Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective. World Psychiatry. 2002;1(3):181-5. PMC1489848
²¹
Human Rights Watch. Uma vida de isolamento e negligência em instituições para pessoas com deficiência no Brasil [Internet]. 2018 [ acesso 22 jan. 2020]. Available from: Available from: https://www.hrw.org/pt/report/2018/05/23/318044
» https://www.hrw.org/pt/report/2018/05/23/318044
²²
United Nations Population Fund. Young Persons with Disabilities: global study on ending gender-based violence, and realising sexual and reproductive health and rights [Internet]. 2018 [ acesso 6 dec. 2019]. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.unfpa.org/contact
» https://www.unfpa.org/contact
²³
Thiara RK, Hague G, Mullender A. Losing out on both counts: Disabled women and domestic violence. Disabil Soc. 2011;26(6):757-71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2011.602867
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2011.602867
²⁴
Gomes PTM, Lima LHL, Bueno MKG, Araújo LA, Souza NM. Autism in Brazil: A systematic review of family challenges and coping strategies. Vol. 91, J Pediat. 2015;91(2):111-21. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2014.08.009.
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2014.08.009
²⁵
Rates SMM, Melo EM, Mascarenhas MDM, Malta DC. Violence against children: An analysis of mandatory reporting of violence, Brazil 2011. Cienc Saude Colet. 2015;20(3):655-65. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015203.15242014.
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015203.15242014
²⁶
Cavalcante FG, Minayo MC. Representações sociais sobre direitos e violência na área da deficiência. Cienc Saude Colet. 2009;14(1):57-66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000100011
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000100011

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
13 Aug 2021
Date of issue
2021

History

Received
23 Sept 2020
Accepted
19 Jan 2021

Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons

[1] *
Article derived from the Master’s Degree dissertation entitled ‘Violence against people with disabilities: notifications made by Brazilian health services, 2011-2017’, defended by Nicole Freitas de Mello at the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Public Health Policies Postgraduate Program in 2020.

[2] Associate Editor:
Suele Manjourany Duro - orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-0811

[3] Scientific Editor:
Taís Freire Galvão - orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-4834

[4] General Editor:
Leila Posenato Garcia - orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-2641

[5] Erratum
In the article “Cases of violence against people with disabilities notified by Brazilian health services, 2011-2017”, doi: 10.1590/S1679-49742021000300007, published on Epidemiology and Health Services, 30(3):e2020747, 2021, in the page 01:
Original text:
Original article
Corrected text:
Research note

Characteristics of the victim	Male		Female		Total		p-value^a
Characteristics of the victim	N	%	N	%	N	%	p-value^a
Race/skin color
White	19,153	49.5	39,757	51.3	58,910	50.7	<0.001
Black	15,528	40.2	30,542	39.4	46,070	39.6
Yellow	254	0.7	548	0.7	802	0.7
Indigenous	207	0.5	345	0.4	552	0.5
Blank/unknown	3,522	9.1	6,354	8.2	9,876	8.5
Age group (years)
0-9	3,814	9.9	3,287	4.2	7,101	6.1	<0.001
10-19	8,591	22.2	14,870	19.2	23,461	20.2
20-59	20,671	53.5	50,901	65.6	71,572	61.6
60 and over	5,559	14.3	8,436	10.9	13,995	12.0
Blank/unknown	29	0.1	52	0.1	81	0.1
Type of disability^b
Mental	21,824	56.4	45,692	58.9	67,516	58.1	<0.001
Intellectual	8,654	22.4	17,013	21.9	25,667	22.1	0.086
Physical	5,894	15.2	8,756	11.3	14,651	12.6	<0.001
Sensory	3,085	8.0	5,802	7.5	8,887	7.6	0.003
Other disabilities	5,081	13.1	10,130	13.1	15,211	13.1	0.710

Characteristics of the event	Male (N=38,664; 33%)		Female (N=77,546; 67%)		Total (N=116,219; 100%)		p-value^a
Characteristics of the event	N	%	N	%	N	%	p-value^a
Self-inflicted violence
Yes	17,449	45.1	34,238	44.2	51,687	44.5	0.001
No	18,675	48.3	38,306	49.3	56,981	49.0
Blank/unknown	2,540	6.6	5,002	6.5	7,542	6.5
Nature of the violence^b
Physical violence	20,108	52.0	39,866	51.4	59,974	51.6	0.107
Psychological/moral violence	6,705	17.3	19,994	25.8	26,699	23.0	<0.001
Negligence/abandonment	8,220	21.3	9,247	11.9	17,467	15.0	<0.001
Sexual violence	2,295	5.9	11,877	15.3	14,172	12.2	<0.001
Financial/economic violence	1,088	2.8	2,424	3.1	3,512	3.0	0.003
Torture	935	2.4	2,549	3.3	3,484	3.0	<0.001
Legal intervention	173	0.4	221	0.3	394	0.3	<0.001
Child labor	131	0.3	97	0.1	228	0.2	<0.001
Human trafficking	17	0.0	56	0.1	73	0.1	<0.001
Other types of violence	9,617	24.9	20,902	27.0	30,519	26.3	<0.001
Repeated violence
Yes	17,737	45.9	42,309	54.5	60,046	51.7	<0.001
No	12,430	32.1	21,776	28.1	34,206	29.4
Blank/unknown	8,497	22.0	13,461	17.4	21,958	18.9

Characteristics of the probable aggressor	Male (N=38,664; 33%)		Female (N=77,546; 67%)		Total (N=116,219; 100%)		p-value^a
Characteristics of the probable aggressor	N	%	N	%	N	%	p-value^a
Family member	10,172	46.7	14,225	31.5	24,397	36.4	<0.001
Intimate partner	1,612	7.4	12,772	28.3	14,384	21.5	<0.001
Friend/acquaintance	4,169	19.1	7,319	16.2	11,488	17.2	<0.001
Other ties	3,251	14.9	5,759	12.8	9,010	13.5	<0.001
Stranger	2,582	11.9	5,033	11.2	7,615	11.4	0.054
Total	21,786	100.0	45,108	100.0	66,894	100.0	-
Sex of the probable author^b
Male	26,136	67.6	30,573	39.4	56,709	48.8	<0.001
Female	4,987	12.9	37,243	48.0	42,230	36.3
Both sexes	3,875	10.0	4,330	5.6	8,205	7.1
Blank/unknown	3,666	9.5	5,400	7.0	9,066	7.8
Suspected use of alcohol by the probable author
Yes	8,696	22.5	17,211	22.2	25,907	22.3	<0,001
No	17,492	45.2	38,280	49.4	55,772	48.0
Blank/unknown	12,476	32.3	22,055	28.4	34,531	29.7

Saúde Pública

Saúde Pública

Cases of violence against people with disabilities notified by Brazilian health services, 2011-2017^*4Editora científica: Taís Freire Galvão - orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-4834

Abstract

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Associate Editor:

Scientific Editor:

General Editor:

References

Publication Dates

History

Saúde Pública

Saúde Pública

Cases of violence against people with disabilities notified by Brazilian health services, 2011-2017*4Editora científica: Taís Freire Galvão - orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-4834

Abstract

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Associate Editor:

Scientific Editor:

General Editor:

References

Publication Dates

History

Cases of violence against people with disabilities notified by Brazilian health services, 2011-2017^*4Editora científica: Taís Freire Galvão - orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-4834