ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE
To describe strategies that contribute to the comprehensive approach to the judicialization of health in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.
METHODS
A search was structured to identify articles presenting strategies to approach the judicialization of health. A survey was designed, which included actors of the health system and judiciary sector. We prioritized the strategies qualified by more than the 50.0% of the participants as “very relevant”. Strategies were categorized according to: governance, provision of services, human resources, information systems, financing, and medical products.
RESULTS
We included 64 studies, which identified 50 strategies, related to the sub-functions and components of health systems. Of the 165 people who answered the survey, 80.0% were aged 35-64 years. The distribution of men and women was homogeneous. Half of the respondents were from Colombia (20.0%), Uruguay (16.9%), and Argentina (12.7%). We prioritized strategies that addressed aspects of generation of useful scientific evidence for decision making according to the health needs of the population, empowerment for the society, and creating spaces for discussion of measures of inclusion or exclusion of health technologies. The executive and judiciary decision makers prioritized questions that dealt with strategies that would ensure accountability.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study contribute to the identification of effective strategies to approach the phenomenon of judicialization of health, guaranteeing the right to health.
Judicial Decisions; Jurisprudence; Patient Rights; Right to Health; Health Priorities, legislation & jurisprudence; Health Systems
INTRODUCTION
The right to health is well stablished in most constitutions of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as in numerous international and regional human rights treaties. This obliges the States to ensure, among others: timely and appropriate availability of health care; healthy and safe work conditions; adequate housing; and nutritious foods. When the States cannot guarantee this right properly, they must adopt measures in accordance with the principle of progressive realization, i.e., to progress in the most expeditious and efficient way possible using the maximum of the resources availableaaNaciones Unidas, Asamblea General. El derecho de toda persona al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental: informe provisional del relator. New York; 2006. (A/61/338)..
The legitimate role of a court in the process of litigation on health is to represent the democratic processes and institutional capacity of the State to exercise them. This evolution demonstrates a process of social maturation of the States, recognizing human rights and their enforceability of protection, and clearly establishing governance and governability in terms of establishing an inclusive mechanism of accountability in the society1212. Chieffi AL, Barata RCB. Legal suits: pharmaceutical industry strategies to introduce new drugs in the Brazilian public healthcare system. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(3):421-9. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102010000300005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910201000... ,2020. Knaul FM, González-Pier E, Gómez-Dántes O, García-Junco D, Arreola-Ornelas H, Barraza-Lloréns M et al. The quest for universal health coverage: achieving social protection for all in Mexico. Lancet. 2012;380(9849):1259-79. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61068-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61... ,bbWorld Health Organization. Social Health Insurance: sustainable health financing, universal coverage and social health insurance: report by the Secretariat: Fifty-eight World Health Assembly. Provisional agenda item 13.16. New York; 2005. (A58/20). Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/20302/1/A58_20-en.pdf .
In 2005, universal health coverage became the objective of all the health care systems of countries members of the World Health Organization (WHO), as an effective strategy to achieve access to the health services needed to establish the health of populations, without incurring in any impoverishing economic risk by individuals. In the medium and long term, to increase the coverage in health services to financial sustainability will enable the improvement of health and well-being, and promote sustainable human developmentccIunes R, Cubillos-Turriago L, Escobar ML. Universal health coverage and litigation in Latin America. Washington (DC): World Bank; 2012 [cited 2015 Oct 25]. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/257803‐ 1269390034020/EnBreve_178_English_Web.pdf. Several countries around the world have presented an accelerated demand of the population by universal quality health services. This increase in demand is not often harmonized with the development of systems, and is associated with a deterioration in the provision of health services, either by endogenous or exogenous factors to the system itself1414. Dallari SG, Adorno RCF, Faria MM, Shuqair NSMS, Trewikowski S. O direito à saúde na visão de um conselho municipal de saúde. Cad Saude Publica. 1996;12(4):531-40. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X1996000400012
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X199600... ccIunes R, Cubillos-Turriago L, Escobar ML. Universal health coverage and litigation in Latin America. Washington (DC): World Bank; 2012 [cited 2015 Oct 25]. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/257803‐ 1269390034020/EnBreve_178_English_Web.pdf,ddOrganización Mundial de la Salud. Informe sobre la salud en el mundo: la financiación de los sistemas de salud: el camino hacia la cobertura universal. Ginebra; 2010 [cited 2012 Apr]. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/whr/2010/9789243564029_spa.pdf ,eeSavigny D, Taghreed Adam, editors. Systems thinking for health systems strengthening. Geneva: Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, WHO; 2009 [cited 2014 Jan]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44204/1/ 9789241563895_eng.pdf?ua=1.
Litigations in health have been efficient for acquiring such health services in an effective way. These mechanisms are being increasingly used. This is reflected in the exponential increase in the number of court judgments related to the requirement of fulfilment of the right to health by the State. As a result, the judiciary has participated more in the definition and redefinition of health policies, and has also been evolving and redefining: the type of responses, the functions that must be exercised within the health system, and the role within the exercise of the right to the health1313. Cubillos L, Escobar ML, Pavlovic S, Iunes R. Universal health coverage and litigation in Latin America. J Health Organ Manag. 2012;26(3):390-406. DOI:10.1108/14777261211239034
https://doi.org/10.1108/1477726121123903... ,3939. Reveiz L, Chapman E, Torres R, Fitzgerald JF, Mendoza A, Bolis M et al. Litigios por derecho a la salud en tres países de América Latina: revisión sistemática de la literatura. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2013;33(3):213-22. DOI:10.1590/S1020-49892013000300008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-4989201300... . While they may be a medium term solution to guarantee the individual right and access to health, judicial tutelage and protections, criminal and civil, for example, may require the increase of public financing of health in a sustainable and effective way, to ensure that it does not impacts negatively the financial sustainability of the health system1313. Cubillos L, Escobar ML, Pavlovic S, Iunes R. Universal health coverage and litigation in Latin America. J Health Organ Manag. 2012;26(3):390-406. DOI:10.1108/14777261211239034
https://doi.org/10.1108/1477726121123903... ,3939. Reveiz L, Chapman E, Torres R, Fitzgerald JF, Mendoza A, Bolis M et al. Litigios por derecho a la salud en tres países de América Latina: revisión sistemática de la literatura. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2013;33(3):213-22. DOI:10.1590/S1020-49892013000300008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-4989201300... .
The aim of this article was to describe strategies that contribute to the comprehensive approach to the judicialization of health in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.
METHODS
A study with two methodological approaches was carried out. The first was a review of the literature to identify strategies that addressed the judicialization of health. The second was a survey to prioritize the identified strategies.
Literature Search
An advanced search of the literature (January 2000 – July 2013) was performed in the following databases: PubMed; Cochrane Library, and Lilacs; as well as Google Scholar. As there are no validated search strategies for this topic, the following keywords and synonyms, using the PubMed search engine were identified: PubMed: ((“litigation”[tw] OR judicialization [tw] OR lawsuits [tw] OR judiciary [tw] OR legislation and jurisprudence [Subheading] OR jurisprudence [tw] OR court [tw])) AND ((“health”[MeSH Terms] OR “health”[All Fields])) AND ((Latin america* OR South America* central America* OR carribbean* OR Anguilla OR (Antigua Barbuda) OR Argentina OR Aruba OR Bahamas OR Barbados OR Belize OR Bermuda OR Bolivia OR Brazil OR brasil OR (British Virgin Islands) OR (Cayman Islands) OR Chile OR Colombia OR (Costa Rica) OR Cuba OR Dominica OR (Dominican Republic) OR (republica dominicana) OR “El Salvador” OR Ecuador OR (French Guiana) OR Grenada OR Guadalupe OR Guatemala OR Guyana OR Haiti OR Honduras OR Jamaica OR Martinique OR Mexico OR Montserrat OR (Netherlands Antilles) OR Nicaragua OR Panama OR Paraguay OR Peru OR (Puerto Rico) OR (Saint Kitts Nevis) OR (Saint Lucia) OR (Saint Vincent Grenadines) OR Suriname OR (Trinidad Tobago) OR Uruguay OR Venezuela)).
In addition, the bibliographic references of the identified studies were revised for additional references. One reviewer assessed the titles and abstracts identified by the search, and two reviewers independently assessed the studies that met the inclusion criteria, namely: (a) studies whose theme was the judicialization of health; (b) studies that incorporate mechanisms or strategies, or both, to deal with litigations in different health systems in the region; and (c) evaluation of the implementation of structural sentences of courts. The websites of the Ministries of Health and relevant institutions were also reviewed. The search was limited to the languages Spanish, French, English and Portuguese, and was geographically restricted to Latin America and the Caribbean.
Development of the Instrument (Survey)
A group formed by experts in epidemiology, public health, health systems and services, and global health composed the identified studies. Based on the findings of the review, we developed a map of the different strategies evaluated or proposed by the authors of the studies (Table 1).
Categorization of Strategies
The strategies were classified in relation to the functions of the health system, from the perspective of thinking proposed by WHOeeSavigny D, Taghreed Adam, editors. Systems thinking for health systems strengthening. Geneva: Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, WHO; 2009 [cited 2014 Jan]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44204/1/ 9789241563895_eng.pdf?ua=1: 1) governance, 2) funding, 3) access to medical products and technology, 4) information systems, 5) human resources, and 6) provision of services2121. Leite SN, Mafra AC. Que direito? Trajetórias e percepções dos usuários no processo de acesso a medicamentos por mandados judiciais em Santa Catarina. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2010;15 Supl 1:1665-72. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232010000700078
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000... . The instrument was developed in the SurveyMonkey® program. The strategies were drafted and revised until a consensus was obtained among all members of the group, ensuring that they were short and specific, not ambiguous and established consistent and measurable strategies, thus developing the final instrument. The strategies were written in Spanish and English.
Population and Participants
The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean were selected, and in each country decision makers of all three branches of public power (legislative, judicial, and executive) were selected. The participants were identified by observation of the region’s health systems of health, including the regional initiative on prioritization, equity and constitutional mandates for the region of the Americas, driven by the World Bank InstituteffInstituto del Banco Mundial. Iniciativa regional sobre priorización, equidad y mandatos constitucionales: una plataforma sostenible para fomentar coaliciones que impulsen la realización progresiva del derecho a la salud. Washington (DC); 2011 [cited 2012 Apr]. Available from: http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/Data/wbi/wbicms/files/drupal-acquia/wbi/spanish_progress_derecho_noreg.pdf , and a search in PubMed and Lilacs of actors key in this field in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. Seventeen participants belonged to countries that are not part of Latin America and the Caribbean. However, they are decision makers and researchers that have contributed on legislation and knowledge over judicialization of health in the region, identified in the literature search. The characteristics of the participants are summarized in Table 2.
Statistical Analysis
To assess the validity of the construct of the designed instrument, a factor analysis was made regarding the main components. A descriptive analysis of the responses given by participants was performed, taking into account the current occupation and the country where they work. A bivariate analysis was also performed, for the categorical variables current occupation, country where the participant works and degree of prioritization using the X2 test. For all statistical analyses, statistical significance values of p < 0.05 were established. The statistical program Stata 12 was used to perform these tests.
Ethical Aspects
All participants were contacted virtually and simultaneously by sending them the consent form to participate and access to the survey structured in the SurveyMonkey program. In the header of the survey the purpose of the prioritization exercise and how results would be used were explained. An e-mail contact and a specific field was available to participants to include questions or formulate their concerns. Two reminders of the survey were sent. The proposal was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO-ERC – 2013-05-009).
RESULTS
Literature Search
We identified 2,245 references. Of these, 2,014 were excluded after application of the eligibility criteria by title and abstract. We excluded 156 articles for being duplicates, and 11 for not reporting strategies of intervention to the research problem addressed. Finally, we evaluated the full text of 64 articles11. Abadía CE, Oviedo DG. Bureaucratic itineraries in Colombia: a theoretical and methodological tool to assess managed-care health care system. Soc Sci Med. 2009(68):1153-60. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.049
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008...
2. Abramovich V, Pautassi L. El derecho a la salud en los tribunales. Algunos efectos del activismo judicial sobre el sistema de salud en Argentina. Salud Colect. 2008;4:261-82.
3. Alves DC, Bahia L, Barroso AF. O papel da Justiça nos planos e seguros de saúde no Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(2):279-90. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2009000200006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900...
4. Alvis-Guzmán N, Alvis-Estrada L, Orozco-Africano J. Percepción sobre el derecho a la salud y acceso a servicios en usuarios del régimen subsidiado en un municipio colombiano, 2005. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). 2008;10(3):386-94.
5. Baptista TWF, Machado CV, Lima LD. State responsibility and right to health in Brazil: a balance of the Branches’ actions. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2009;14(3):829-39. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232009000300018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123200900... -66. Biehl J, Petryna A, Gertner A, Amon JJ, Picon PD. Judicialisation of the right to health in Brazil. Lancet. 2009;373(9682):2182-4. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61172-7
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61... ,88. Borges DC, Ugá MA. Conflitos e impasses da judicialização na obtenção de medicamentos: as decisões de 1ª instância nas ações individuais contra o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2005. Cad Saude Publica. 2010;26(1):59-69. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2010000100007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201000...
9. Candia P, Suazo Galdames I. Tasa de éxito del Sistema de Mediación Prejudicial por Daño en Salud en Chile entre los años 2005 y 2009. Int J Odontostomat. 2011;5(3):300-3. DOI:10.4067/S0718-381X2011000300015
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-381X201100... -1010. Cano LF. El litigio estructural en salud: un estudio comparado con base en casos de Sudáfrica, Argentina, India y Colombia. Rev Fac Nac Salud Publica. 2015;33(1):111-20.,1111. Chieffi AL, Barata RCB. Judicialização da política pública de assistência farmacêutica e eqüidade. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(8):1839-49. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2009000800020
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900...
12. Chieffi AL, Barata RCB. Legal suits: pharmaceutical industry strategies to introduce new drugs in the Brazilian public healthcare system. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(3):421-9. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102010000300005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910201000...
13. Cubillos L, Escobar ML, Pavlovic S, Iunes R. Universal health coverage and litigation in Latin America. J Health Organ Manag. 2012;26(3):390-406. DOI:10.1108/14777261211239034
https://doi.org/10.1108/1477726121123903...
14. Dallari SG, Adorno RCF, Faria MM, Shuqair NSMS, Trewikowski S. O direito à saúde na visão de um conselho municipal de saúde. Cad Saude Publica. 1996;12(4):531-40. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X1996000400012
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X199600...
15. Diniz D, Medeiros M, Schwartz IVD. Consequências da judicialização das políticas de saúde: custos de medicamentos para as mucopolissacaridoses. Cad Saude Publica. 2012;28(3):479-89. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2012000300008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201200...
16. Diniz D, Machado TR, Penalva J. The judicialization of health in the Federal District of Brazil. Cien Saude Colet. 2014;19(2):591-8.
17. Ferraz OLM. The right to health in the courts of Brazil: worsening health inequities? Health Hum Rights. 2009;11(2):33-45. DOI:10.2307/25653101
https://doi.org/10.2307/25653101...
18. Gomes FFC, Cherchiglia ML, Machado CD, Santos VC, Acurcio FA, Andrade EIG. Acesso aos procedimentos de média e alta complexidade no Sistema Único de Saúde: uma questão de judicialização. Cad Saude Publica. 2014;30(1):31-43. DOI:10.1590/0102-311X00176812
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0017681...
19. González AC, Durán J. Impact of court rulings on health care coverage: the case of HIV/AIDS in Colombia. MEDICC Rev. 2011;13(3):54-7. DOI:10.1590/S1555-79602011000300013
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1555-7960201100...
20. Knaul FM, González-Pier E, Gómez-Dántes O, García-Junco D, Arreola-Ornelas H, Barraza-Lloréns M et al. The quest for universal health coverage: achieving social protection for all in Mexico. Lancet. 2012;380(9849):1259-79. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61068-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61...
21. Leite SN, Mafra AC. Que direito? Trajetórias e percepções dos usuários no processo de acesso a medicamentos por mandados judiciais em Santa Catarina. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2010;15 Supl 1:1665-72. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232010000700078
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000...
22. Lopes LC, Barberato-Filho S, Costa AC, Osorio-de-Castro CGS. Uso racional de medicamentos antineoplásicos e ações judiciais no Estado de São Paulo. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(4):620-8. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102010000400005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910201000...
23. Lopes MACQ, Lopes Filho MACQ, Gubolino LA, Mattos LA, Marin-Neto JA. Conflitos éticos e judiciais no emprego dos stents farmacológicos no Brasil: análise das principais controvérsias para incorporação dessa tecnologia nos sistemas de saúde público e privado no país. Rev Bras Cardiol Invasiva. 2009;17(1):117-32. DOI:10.1590/S2179-83972009000100020
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-8397200900...
24. Macedo EI, Lopes LC, Barberato-Filho S. Análise técnica para a tomada de decisão do fornecimento de medicamentos pela via judicial. Rev Saude Publica. 2011;45(4):706-13. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102011005000044
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910201100...
25. Machado MAA, Acurcio FA, Brandão CMR, Faleiros DR, Guerra Jr AA, Cherchiglia ML et al. Judicialização do acesso a medicamentos no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2011;45(3):590-8. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102011005000015
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910201100...
26. Malca CG, Parra-Vera O, Yamin AE, Torres-Tovar M. ¿Deliberación democrática o mercadeo social? Los dilemas de la definición pública en salud en el contexto del seguimiento de la sentencia T-760 de 2008. Health Hum Rights J. 2009;11(1):1-13.
27. Marques SB, Dallari SG. Garantia do direito social à assistência farmacêutica no Estado de São Paulo. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(1):101-7. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102007000100014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910200700...
28. Mate KS, Sifrim ZK, Chalkidou K, Cluzeau F, Cutler D, Kimball M et al. Improving health system quality in low- and middle-income countries that are expanding health coverage: a framework for insurance. Int J Qual Health Care. 2013;25(5):497-504. DOI:10.1093/intqhc/mzt053
https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzt053...
29. Maya E. El derecho a la salud en la perspectiva de los derechos humanos y del sistema de inspección, vigilancia y control de quejas en materia de salud. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2008;37(4):496-503.
30. Menicucci TMG, Machado JA. Judicialization of health policy in the definition of access to public goods: individual rights versus collective rights. Braz Polit Sci Rev. 2010;4(1):33-68.
31. Messeder AM, Osorio-de-Castro CGS, Luiza VL. Mandados judiciais como ferramenta para garantia do acesso a medicamentos no setor público: a experiência do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2005;21(2):525-34. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2005000200019
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200500...
32. Mogollón-Pérez AS, Vázquez ML. Factores que inciden en el acceso de la población desplazada a las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud en Colombia. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(4):745-54. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2008000400004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200800...
33. Molina Marín G, Jiménez Campiño SA, Rodríguez Tejada CM, Berrío Castaño A, Vargas Jaramillo J. Acciones de tutela sobre el derecho a la salud en el municipio de Leticia, Amazonas, 2004-2008. Iatreia. 2010;23(4):335-43.
34. Nieto E, Arango A. Costos de los servicios de salud tutelados y del proceso legal de las tutelas en Medellín, 2009. Rev Fac Nac Salud Publica. 2011;29(3):223-31.
35. Norheim F, Wilson BM. Health Rights Litigation and Access to Medicines: Priority Classification of Successful Cases from Costa Rica’s Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court. Health and Human Rights. 2014;16(2).47-61.
36. Pepe VLE, Ventura M, Sant’ana JMB, Figueiredo TA, Souza VR, Simas L et al. Caracterização de demandas judiciais de fornecimento de medicamentos “essenciais” no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2010;26(3):461-71. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2010000300004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201000...
37. Pereira JR, Santos RI, Nascimento Junior JM, Schenkel EP. Análise das demandas judiciais para o fornecimento de medicamentos pela Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Santa Catarina nos anos de 2003 e 2004. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2010;15 Supl 3:3551-60. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232010000900030.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201000...
38. Prado MM. The debatable role of courts in Brazil’s health care system: does litigation harm or help?. J Law Med Ethics. 2013;41(1):124-37.-3939. Reveiz L, Chapman E, Torres R, Fitzgerald JF, Mendoza A, Bolis M et al. Litigios por derecho a la salud en tres países de América Latina: revisión sistemática de la literatura. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2013;33(3):213-22. DOI:10.1590/S1020-49892013000300008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-4989201300... ,44. Alvis-Guzmán N, Alvis-Estrada L, Orozco-Africano J. Percepción sobre el derecho a la salud y acceso a servicios en usuarios del régimen subsidiado en un municipio colombiano, 2005. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). 2008;10(3):386-94. 11. Abadía CE, Oviedo DG. Bureaucratic itineraries in Colombia: a theoretical and methodological tool to assess managed-care health care system. Soc Sci Med. 2009(68):1153-60. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.049
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008...
2. Abramovich V, Pautassi L. El derecho a la salud en los tribunales. Algunos efectos del activismo judicial sobre el sistema de salud en Argentina. Salud Colect. 2008;4:261-82.
3. Alves DC, Bahia L, Barroso AF. O papel da Justiça nos planos e seguros de saúde no Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(2):279-90. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2009000200006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900...
4. Alvis-Guzmán N, Alvis-Estrada L, Orozco-Africano J. Percepción sobre el derecho a la salud y acceso a servicios en usuarios del régimen subsidiado en un municipio colombiano, 2005. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). 2008;10(3):386-94.
5. Baptista TWF, Machado CV, Lima LD. State responsibility and right to health in Brazil: a balance of the Branches’ actions. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2009;14(3):829-39. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232009000300018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123200900...
6. Biehl J, Petryna A, Gertner A, Amon JJ, Picon PD. Judicialisation of the right to health in Brazil. Lancet. 2009;373(9682):2182-4. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61172-7
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61...
7. Bolis M. Legislación y equidad en salud. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2002;11(5-6):444-8. DOI:10.1590/S1020-49892002000500022
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-4989200200...
8. Borges DC, Ugá MA. Conflitos e impasses da judicialização na obtenção de medicamentos: as decisões de 1ª instância nas ações individuais contra o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2005. Cad Saude Publica. 2010;26(1):59-69. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2010000100007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201000...
9. Candia P, Suazo Galdames I. Tasa de éxito del Sistema de Mediación Prejudicial por Daño en Salud en Chile entre los años 2005 y 2009. Int J Odontostomat. 2011;5(3):300-3. DOI:10.4067/S0718-381X2011000300015
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-381X201100...
10. Cano LF. El litigio estructural en salud: un estudio comparado con base en casos de Sudáfrica, Argentina, India y Colombia. Rev Fac Nac Salud Publica. 2015;33(1):111-20.
11. Chieffi AL, Barata RCB. Judicialização da política pública de assistência farmacêutica e eqüidade. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(8):1839-49. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2009000800020
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200900...
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Available from: http://www.eclac.cl/dds/noticias/paginas/2/36122/OlgaLuciaAcosta.pdf ,hhColombia, Defensoría del Pueblo. La tutela y el derecho a la salud: causas de las tutelas en salud 1999-2003. Bogotá; ano [cited 2014 Jan]. Available from: http://www.defensoria.gov.co/attachment/142/Causas de las tutelas en salud.pdf,iiColombia, Defensoría del Pueblo. La tutela y el derecho a la salud, período 2003-2005. Bogotá; 2007. Available from: http://www.defensoria.gov.co/es/nube/noticias/291/Informe-defensorial-sobre-la-Tutela-y-el-Derecho-a-la-Salud-Informe-defensorial-Salud-Derechos-Humanos.htm ,jjRossi F. El precio exagerado de los medicamentos. Razón Pública, 27 Sep 2010 [cited 2010 Dec 20]. Available from: http://www.razonpublica.com/index.php/economia-y-sociedad/1408-el-precio-exagerado-de-los-medicamentos ,kkProcuraduría General de la Nación y DeJusticia, op. cit.; López Medina D. ‘Sistema de salud’ y ‘derecho a la salud’: historia de su interrelación en la jurisprudencia constitucional. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, 2008 [cited 5 Oct 2009]. p.42-8. Available from: http://derecho.uniandes.edu.co/derecho_uniandes/ export/derecho_uniandes/facultad/rel_eventos3.htmll,llColombia, Defensoría del Pueblo. La tutela y el derecho a la salud y a la seguridad social 2014. Bogotá: Defensoria del Pueblo; 2015 [cited 2012 Apr]. Available from: http://www.defensoria.gov.co/public/pdf/LatutelaylosderechosalaSalud.pdf ,mmRomero LC. Judicialização das políticas de assistência farmacêutica: o caso do Distrito Federal. Brasília (DF): Consultoria Legislativa do Senado Federal; 2008 [cited 2012 Apr]. (Textos para discussão, 41). Available from: http://www12.senado.gov.br/publicacoes/estudos-legislativos/tipos-de-estudos/textos-para-discussao/td-41-judicializacao-das-politicas-de-assistencia-farmaceutica-o-caso-do-distrito-federal ,nnPerlingeiro R. La tutela judicial del derecho público a la salud en Brasil. el.Dial.com Biblioteca Juridica. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan];16(3722). Available from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2239840 ,ooPepe VLE, Ventura M, organizadores. Manual de indicadores de avaliação e monitoramento das demandas judiciais de medicamentos. Rio de Janeiro: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; 2011 [cited 2014 jan]. Available from: http://www5.ensp.fiocruz.br/biblioteca/dados/txt_975659982.pdf ,ppVargas Lorenzo I. Barreras en el acceso a la atención en salud en modelos de competencia gestionada: un estudio de caso en Colombia [these]. Bellaterra: Facultat de Medicina de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 2009.,qqWorld Health Organization. World health report 2000: health systems: improving performance. Geneva; 2000. Available from: http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf?ua=1 that identified intervention proposals to address the phenomenon of the judicialization of health, as shown in the Figure. All eligible studies were in Spanish, English and Portuguese. The approach of judicialization of health depends on the conceptualization of the right to health and the characteristics of the health care system. All those studies addressed judicialization as a consequence of the relations and performance of the system of health and its civic duty. The majority of legal processes filed was to ensure access to medication (73.0%), and conduction of healing procedures (22.0%) and public health events (5.0%). All litigations were due to medications or procedures. In Colombia11. Abadía CE, Oviedo DG. Bureaucratic itineraries in Colombia: a theoretical and methodological tool to assess managed-care health care system. Soc Sci Med. 2009(68):1153-60. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.049
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https://doi.org/10.1590/S1555-7960201100... ,2626. Malca CG, Parra-Vera O, Yamin AE, Torres-Tovar M. ¿Deliberación democrática o mercadeo social? Los dilemas de la definición pública en salud en el contexto del seguimiento de la sentencia T-760 de 2008. Health Hum Rights J. 2009;11(1):1-13.,2929. Maya E. El derecho a la salud en la perspectiva de los derechos humanos y del sistema de inspección, vigilancia y control de quejas en materia de salud. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2008;37(4):496-503.,3232. Mogollón-Pérez AS, Vázquez ML. Factores que inciden en el acceso de la población desplazada a las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud en Colombia. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(4):745-54. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2008000400004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200800... ,3939. Reveiz L, Chapman E, Torres R, Fitzgerald JF, Mendoza A, Bolis M et al. Litigios por derecho a la salud en tres países de América Latina: revisión sistemática de la literatura. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2013;33(3):213-22. DOI:10.1590/S1020-49892013000300008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-4989201300... ,4949. Vélez-Arango AL, Realpe-Delgado C, Gonzaga-Valencia J, Castro-Castro AP. Acción de tutela, acceso y protección del derecho a la salud en Manizales, Colombia. Rev Salud Publica. 2007;9(2):297-307.,ggAcosta OL. La judicialización del derecho a la salud en Colombia. In: Comisión Económica para América Latina; Instituto Centroamericano de Estudios Fiscales; Analytical Spectral Devices; Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo, editores. Panel IV: Perspectivas de los Sistemas de Salud en Seminario Internacional Repensar lo Social en Tiempos de Crisis; 2009 mayo 28-29; Antigua, Guatemala. CEPAL; 2009 [cited 2013 Aug]. Available from: http://www.eclac.cl/dds/noticias/paginas/2/36122/OlgaLuciaAcosta.pdf ,hhColombia, Defensoría del Pueblo. La tutela y el derecho a la salud: causas de las tutelas en salud 1999-2003. Bogotá; ano [cited 2014 Jan]. Available from: http://www.defensoria.gov.co/attachment/142/Causas de las tutelas en salud.pdf,iiColombia, Defensoría del Pueblo. La tutela y el derecho a la salud, período 2003-2005. Bogotá; 2007. Available from: http://www.defensoria.gov.co/es/nube/noticias/291/Informe-defensorial-sobre-la-Tutela-y-el-Derecho-a-la-Salud-Informe-defensorial-Salud-Derechos-Humanos.htm ,jjRossi F. El precio exagerado de los medicamentos. Razón Pública, 27 Sep 2010 [cited 2010 Dec 20]. Available from: http://www.razonpublica.com/index.php/economia-y-sociedad/1408-el-precio-exagerado-de-los-medicamentos ,kkProcuraduría General de la Nación y DeJusticia, op. cit.; López Medina D. ‘Sistema de salud’ y ‘derecho a la salud’: historia de su interrelación en la jurisprudencia constitucional. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, 2008 [cited 5 Oct 2009]. p.42-8. Available from: http://derecho.uniandes.edu.co/derecho_uniandes/ export/derecho_uniandes/facultad/rel_eventos3.htmll,llColombia, Defensoría del Pueblo. La tutela y el derecho a la salud y a la seguridad social 2014. Bogotá: Defensoria del Pueblo; 2015 [cited 2012 Apr]. Available from: http://www.defensoria.gov.co/public/pdf/LatutelaylosderechosalaSalud.pdf ,mmRomero LC. Judicialização das políticas de assistência farmacêutica: o caso do Distrito Federal. Brasília (DF): Consultoria Legislativa do Senado Federal; 2008 [cited 2012 Apr]. (Textos para discussão, 41). Available from: http://www12.senado.gov.br/publicacoes/estudos-legislativos/tipos-de-estudos/textos-para-discussao/td-41-judicializacao-das-politicas-de-assistencia-farmaceutica-o-caso-do-distrito-federal ,nnPerlingeiro R. La tutela judicial del derecho público a la salud en Brasil. el.Dial.com Biblioteca Juridica. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan];16(3722). Available from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2239840 and Costa Rica3535. Norheim F, Wilson BM. Health Rights Litigation and Access to Medicines: Priority Classification of Successful Cases from Costa Rica’s Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court. Health and Human Rights. 2014;16(2).47-61.,3939. Reveiz L, Chapman E, Torres R, Fitzgerald JF, Mendoza A, Bolis M et al. Litigios por derecho a la salud en tres países de América Latina: revisión sistemática de la literatura. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2013;33(3):213-22. DOI:10.1590/S1020-49892013000300008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-4989201300... , those medications were not included in the plan of benefits. In Brazil, while they were inside the plan of benefits, there was no supply within the evaluated municipalities33. Alves DC, Bahia L, Barroso AF. O papel da Justiça nos planos e seguros de saúde no Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(2):279-90. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2009000200006
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8. Borges DC, Ugá MA. Conflitos e impasses da judicialização na obtenção de medicamentos: as decisões de 1ª instância nas ações individuais contra o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2005. Cad Saude Publica. 2010;26(1):59-69. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2010000100007
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9. Candia P, Suazo Galdames I. Tasa de éxito del Sistema de Mediación Prejudicial por Daño en Salud en Chile entre los años 2005 y 2009. Int J Odontostomat. 2011;5(3):300-3. DOI:10.4067/S0718-381X2011000300015
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-381X201100...
10. Cano LF. El litigio estructural en salud: un estudio comparado con base en casos de Sudáfrica, Argentina, India y Colombia. Rev Fac Nac Salud Publica. 2015;33(1):111-20.
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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100... ,ooPepe VLE, Ventura M, organizadores. Manual de indicadores de avaliação e monitoramento das demandas judiciais de medicamentos. Rio de Janeiro: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; 2011 [cited 2014 jan]. Available from: http://www5.ensp.fiocruz.br/biblioteca/dados/txt_975659982.pdf ,ppVargas Lorenzo I. Barreras en el acceso a la atención en salud en modelos de competencia gestionada: un estudio de caso en Colombia [these]. Bellaterra: Facultat de Medicina de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 2009., Colombia (n = 21, 32.8%)11. Abadía CE, Oviedo DG. Bureaucratic itineraries in Colombia: a theoretical and methodological tool to assess managed-care health care system. Soc Sci Med. 2009(68):1153-60. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.049
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008... ,22. Abramovich V, Pautassi L. El derecho a la salud en los tribunales. Algunos efectos del activismo judicial sobre el sistema de salud en Argentina. Salud Colect. 2008;4:261-82.,1919. González AC, Durán J. Impact of court rulings on health care coverage: the case of HIV/AIDS in Colombia. MEDICC Rev. 2011;13(3):54-7. DOI:10.1590/S1555-79602011000300013
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1555-7960201100... ,2626. Malca CG, Parra-Vera O, Yamin AE, Torres-Tovar M. ¿Deliberación democrática o mercadeo social? Los dilemas de la definición pública en salud en el contexto del seguimiento de la sentencia T-760 de 2008. Health Hum Rights J. 2009;11(1):1-13.,2929. Maya E. El derecho a la salud en la perspectiva de los derechos humanos y del sistema de inspección, vigilancia y control de quejas en materia de salud. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2008;37(4):496-503.,3232. Mogollón-Pérez AS, Vázquez ML. Factores que inciden en el acceso de la población desplazada a las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud en Colombia. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(4):745-54. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2008000400004
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https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-4989201300... ,4141. Rodríguez Tejada CM, Molina Marín G, Jiménez SA. Características de las tutelas en salud tramitadas en Medellín, Colombia. Invest Educ Enferm. 2010;28(1):92-100.,4949. Vélez-Arango AL, Realpe-Delgado C, Gonzaga-Valencia J, Castro-Castro AP. Acción de tutela, acceso y protección del derecho a la salud en Manizales, Colombia. Rev Salud Publica. 2007;9(2):297-307.,ggAcosta OL. La judicialización del derecho a la salud en Colombia. In: Comisión Económica para América Latina; Instituto Centroamericano de Estudios Fiscales; Analytical Spectral Devices; Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo, editores. Panel IV: Perspectivas de los Sistemas de Salud en Seminario Internacional Repensar lo Social en Tiempos de Crisis; 2009 mayo 28-29; Antigua, Guatemala. CEPAL; 2009 [cited 2013 Aug]. Available from: http://www.eclac.cl/dds/noticias/paginas/2/36122/OlgaLuciaAcosta.pdf ,iiColombia, Defensoría del Pueblo. La tutela y el derecho a la salud, período 2003-2005. Bogotá; 2007. Available from: http://www.defensoria.gov.co/es/nube/noticias/291/Informe-defensorial-sobre-la-Tutela-y-el-Derecho-a-la-Salud-Informe-defensorial-Salud-Derechos-Humanos.htm ,jjRossi F. El precio exagerado de los medicamentos. Razón Pública, 27 Sep 2010 [cited 2010 Dec 20]. Available from: http://www.razonpublica.com/index.php/economia-y-sociedad/1408-el-precio-exagerado-de-los-medicamentos ,kkProcuraduría General de la Nación y DeJusticia, op. cit.; López Medina D. ‘Sistema de salud’ y ‘derecho a la salud’: historia de su interrelación en la jurisprudencia constitucional. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, 2008 [cited 5 Oct 2009]. p.42-8. Available from: http://derecho.uniandes.edu.co/derecho_uniandes/ export/derecho_uniandes/facultad/rel_eventos3.htmll,llColombia, Defensoría del Pueblo. La tutela y el derecho a la salud y a la seguridad social 2014. Bogotá: Defensoria del Pueblo; 2015 [cited 2012 Apr]. Available from: http://www.defensoria.gov.co/public/pdf/LatutelaylosderechosalaSalud.pdf ,mmRomero LC. Judicialização das políticas de assistência farmacêutica: o caso do Distrito Federal. Brasília (DF): Consultoria Legislativa do Senado Federal; 2008 [cited 2012 Apr]. (Textos para discussão, 41). Available from: http://www12.senado.gov.br/publicacoes/estudos-legislativos/tipos-de-estudos/textos-para-discussao/td-41-judicializacao-das-politicas-de-assistencia-farmaceutica-o-caso-do-distrito-federal ,nnPerlingeiro R. La tutela judicial del derecho público a la salud en Brasil. el.Dial.com Biblioteca Juridica. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan];16(3722). Available from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2239840 , Costa Rica (n = 6, 9.3%)3535. Norheim F, Wilson BM. Health Rights Litigation and Access to Medicines: Priority Classification of Successful Cases from Costa Rica’s Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court. Health and Human Rights. 2014;16(2).47-61.,3939. Reveiz L, Chapman E, Torres R, Fitzgerald JF, Mendoza A, Bolis M et al. Litigios por derecho a la salud en tres países de América Latina: revisión sistemática de la literatura. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2013;33(3):213-22. DOI:10.1590/S1020-49892013000300008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-4989201300... , Chile (n = 2, 3.1%)88. Borges DC, Ugá MA. Conflitos e impasses da judicialização na obtenção de medicamentos: as decisões de 1ª instância nas ações individuais contra o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2005. Cad Saude Publica. 2010;26(1):59-69. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2010000100007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201000... ,99. Candia P, Suazo Galdames I. Tasa de éxito del Sistema de Mediación Prejudicial por Daño en Salud en Chile entre los años 2005 y 2009. Int J Odontostomat. 2011;5(3):300-3. DOI:10.4067/S0718-381X2011000300015
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-381X201100... ,5454. Zúñiga Fajuri A. When constitutional justice has the last word on health care: the case of Chile. Int J Health Serv. 2014;44(2):373-81., and Argentina (n = 3, 4.7%)1010. Cano LF. El litigio estructural en salud: un estudio comparado con base en casos de Sudáfrica, Argentina, India y Colombia. Rev Fac Nac Salud Publica. 2015;33(1):111-20..
Construction of the Collection Instrument
The revision of the articles resulted in 91 proposed strategies, which were evaluated by the group of authors. We excluded 41 of them for: being duplicated; being too general proposals, which prevented implementation; not being applicable in the current context; or presenting ambiguity or inconsistency. Finally, we identified 50 proposals for the strategies, classified as follows: 9 (18.0%) general or systemic measures; 12 (24.0%) governances and leaderships; 13 (26.0%) provision of health services; five (10.0%) human resources for health; seven (14.0%) information; and four (8.0%) financing (Table 3). In the factor analysis by main components with 50 variables and 165 observations, the items were grouped into six factors that explained the variance of the items by 50.0%, according to the proposed theoretical classification. The two first factors presented the greater common variance (15.0%) and explained the construct; this could be due to several proposals of factor 1 “general measures” being related to factor 2 “governance and leadership”. The six main factors with their respective items were: 13 items for factor 1 “general measures” (eigenvalue 12.81); 11 items for factor 2 “governance and leadership” (eigenvalue 2.81); four items for factor 3 “human resources for health” (eigenvalue 2.32); 11 items for the factor 4 “provision of health services” (eigenvalue 1.89); six items for factor 5 “information” (1.75 eigenvalue); and three for the factor 6 “financing” (eigenvalue 1.61), X2 = 2452.29 (p < 0.001).
Prioritization of Strategies according to Categories
The participants prioritized, firstly, the category “general measures”, which involves the establishment of policies and scientific frameworks for the management of the system and intersectoral participation. Secondly, they prioritized the “governance and leadership” category, for the management of health institutions, with emphasis on guaranteeing the right to health and the allocation of priorities in health. A third category prioritized at the same level as the previous one was “information”, which highlights the importance of the use of the evidence for the sets of benefits. Finally, there are the categories “human resources for health” and “provision of health services”, which highlight processes of the quality of care (Table 3).
Prioritization of Strategies according to Participants
From the 10 prioritized strategies (Table 4), the first three were: (1) to create spaces for discussion for decision-making at different levels of power in the health care system, (2) to duly inform the right to health to patients and families, and (3) to generate scientific evidence focused on the identification of the health needs of the populations. The following two priority strategies are correlated and propose the creation of technical and scientific committees and the training of health professionals and judges, to support the decisions made in the courts, based on scientific evidence, if there is a process of judicialization. Then, the participants prioritized three strategies: the generation of a public policy of regulation of new technologies; continuous updating of the health system’s plans of benefits; and updating of the explicit regulatory mechanisms of evaluation and inclusion of new technologies in the plan of benefits. Finally, priority was given to two strategies related to the optimization of the action of the health professionals in the provision of services: the development and implementation of clinical practice guidelines to standardize health interventions; and the optimization of times of care by health professionals in required services.
Analysis of the Prioritized Strategies according to Type of Occupation
We identified the trends in response of different individuals, according to their occupation, in 10 prioritized strategies. We found a homogeneous tendency of prioritization of questions of general measures by all actors. In the strategy related to the need of generating scientific evidence oriented to the identification of the needs of the populations, as an effective and efficient strategy for the regulation of litigation in health, health managers had a rate of prioritization significantly greater (18/31 = 58.1%) that the other actors. In the strategy that addressed the optimization of waiting times for the provision of health services as strategy to regulate litigation, active health professionals (15/24 = 62.5%) and decision-makers of the judiciary power (5/11 = 45.5%) had higher rates of prioritization.
The decision-makers of the executive and judiciary powers prioritized the strategies of governance, in which strategies of inclusion of the civil society in the decisions in health stood out, as well as the continuous evaluation of the services offered to the users of the health system.
Analysis of the Prioritized Strategies according to Country
In general, we observed a tendency to prioritize the strategies referred to in the general measures, governance, and information and evidence measures among countries. Brazil (13/17 = 76.5%) and Colombia (17/33 = 51.5%) prioritized strategies of creating spaces of discussion for decision making; Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru prioritized homogeneously: strategies that address the creation of spaces for discussion among the actors in the health system; granting of information on the right to health and the duties of the State in relation to guaranteeing the right to health; generation of scientific evidence for decision-making according to the needs of the populations; and creation of scientific technical advisory committees to the courts. The participants from Argentina prioritized the processes of governance, in terms of accountability (11/21 = 52.4%) and the creation of a regulatory and evaluation process of the interventions and health services that not are included in the basic care plan (11/21 = 52.4%). Those of Uruguay, prioritized strategies seeking to clarify explicitly what interventions and health services are excluded from the basic plan and the reasons for this exclusion (18/28 = 64.3%), followed by the generation of oriented scientific evidence to identify the health needs of populations (15/28 = 53.6%) and the creation of scientific technical advisory committees to support legal decision-making based on scientific evidence (15/28 = 53.6%).
DISCUSSION
This study is one of the first systematic approaches to identify and prioritize multidisciplinary intervention strategies and different levels of action of health systems to address the judicialization of health. The strategies identified in the published scientific literature were prioritized by a heterogeneous group coming from different countries and contexts. The strategies with greater prioritization scores were those that sought to generate discussion spaces among the different stakeholders, including patients, health professionals and populations in vulnerable situations; also those that ensured the empowerment of the society in relation to the right to health. A second group of strategies highly prioritized is those that establish rules, standards and processes based in scientific data (e.g., the continuous update of the set of continuous benefits, elaboration of guides and protocols of practice, evaluation of technology, among others). A third group of strategies focused on the need to inform and train society, in general, as well as judges and health professional, in particular. Finally, strategies that sought to strengthen health systems to optimize waiting times for the provision of health services, or to improve primary health care, among many others, were considered highly relevant.
In some cases, the participants prioritized intervention strategies that had already been incorporated in some countries in the region as part of the reform processes carried out, such as Colombia, with the regulation of the health market, the costs of provision, and the standardization and updating of the health services plan, which includes updated interventions of the services offered in this country77. Bolis M. Legislación y equidad en salud. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2002;11(5-6):444-8. DOI:10.1590/S1020-49892002000500022
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-4989200200... ,1313. Cubillos L, Escobar ML, Pavlovic S, Iunes R. Universal health coverage and litigation in Latin America. J Health Organ Manag. 2012;26(3):390-406. DOI:10.1108/14777261211239034
https://doi.org/10.1108/1477726121123903... . Also Argentina, Brazil and Costa Rica, with the creation of spaces of training based in scientific evidence for judges and courts.
The exercise of judicialization (of accountability) highlighted problems in the health system, either in the provision of health services, financing, or rectory or availability of human and structural resources of the system. At the same time, we observed limitations in the judiciary sector to properly perform this role2020. Knaul FM, González-Pier E, Gómez-Dántes O, García-Junco D, Arreola-Ornelas H, Barraza-Lloréns M et al. The quest for universal health coverage: achieving social protection for all in Mexico. Lancet. 2012;380(9849):1259-79. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61068-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61... . An analysis point is to consider whether other forms of accountability have been underutilized in the region, benefiting judicial accountability.
In this study, we identified more strategies for the sub-functions of 1) “governance and leadership”, 2) “information”, and 3) “provision of health services”. Probably, the first and third sub-functions are those that have been most explored in relation to the causes of litigation in health in the contexts where they have been studied2929. Maya E. El derecho a la salud en la perspectiva de los derechos humanos y del sistema de inspección, vigilancia y control de quejas en materia de salud. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2008;37(4):496-503.,5454. Zúñiga Fajuri A. When constitutional justice has the last word on health care: the case of Chile. Int J Health Serv. 2014;44(2):373-81.. Others authors have asserted that the financing of the health system is the angular stone for a proper provision of health services88. Borges DC, Ugá MA. Conflitos e impasses da judicialização na obtenção de medicamentos: as decisões de 1ª instância nas ações individuais contra o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2005. Cad Saude Publica. 2010;26(1):59-69. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2010000100007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X201000... . However, this had poor prioritization on the part of the participants of this study.
The judicialization of health is a social response to a need that is not met by the health system. Litigations occur frequently as a result of the lack of health coverage, of limitations on access or inequality of access or use, or use, and also detriment in the quality of the care5050. Vélez-Arango AL. El derecho a la salud: políticas públicas y percepción de actores y grupos de población: del papel a la realidad: Manizales 2008. Hacia Promoc Salud. 2009;4(1):68-92.,ddOrganización Mundial de la Salud. Informe sobre la salud en el mundo: la financiación de los sistemas de salud: el camino hacia la cobertura universal. Ginebra; 2010 [cited 2012 Apr]. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/whr/2010/9789243564029_spa.pdf . In that sense, accomplishing universal health coverage would strengthen the processes of provision of health services, and increase not only the population coverage but the access and the quality of such services by means of a sustainable financial investment, reducing thus the possibility of incurring in expenditure from the budget and, accordingly, in catastrophic expenditureqqWorld Health Organization. World health report 2000: health systems: improving performance. Geneva; 2000. Available from: http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf?ua=1 .
There were statistically significant differences of some strategies regarding the function of the respondents. For example, the managers could understand better the role of evidence in decision-making and, thus, of prioritization. We also observed differences in the strategy “optimization of waiting times”, by providers of the health and justice sectors, since the vision of the latter was related to the direct contact between professionals and patients and with the receiving of judiciary demands due to this contact. To ensure timely and proper availability of services, regulate the introduction of new technologies and guarantee equality in access, financing and adequate spending in health are also considerations raised by other authorsrr República de Colombia, Ministerio de la Protección Social. Política farmacéutica nacional. Bogotá: OPAS; 2012 [cited 2012 May]. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Documentos%20y%20Publicaciones/Pol%C3%ADtica%20Farmacéutica%20Nacional.pdf .
The integrality of the strategies for any action in the health system is necessary to ensure their effectiveness. For example, to think of an intervention on the role of governance and leadership will have impact and adjustments in other functions, both for the provision of services, such as human resources and financing. In the region, an example of this is the implementation of the Integrated Networks of Health Services (RISS), proposed to reduce the excessive fragmentation of health services, thus reducing the difficulties in access and low quality in the provision of services, increasing the efficiency of the system2828. Mate KS, Sifrim ZK, Chalkidou K, Cluzeau F, Cutler D, Kimball M et al. Improving health system quality in low- and middle-income countries that are expanding health coverage: a framework for insurance. Int J Qual Health Care. 2013;25(5):497-504. DOI:10.1093/intqhc/mzt053
https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzt053... ,ss World Health Organization. Everybody’s business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO’s framework for action. Geneva; 2007. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthsystems/strategy/everybodys_business.pdf .
Some strategies identified in this study present relevant scientific evidence that could support its implementation in the countries of the region, taking into account this context4040. Rodwin VG, Sandier S. Health care under French national health insurance. Health Aff (Millwood). 1993;12(3):111-31.,4646. Tian M, Feng D, Chen X, Chen Y, Sun X, Xiang Y et al. China’s rural public health system performance: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83822. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0083822
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008... .
Limitations of the Study
Although we sought to identify participants from various sources, it is not possible to assure the representativeness of the findings. It is difficult to establish the total number of people who had access to the survey on the platform. We estimate that about 35.0% of those who had access to the survey answered it. On the other hand, the low rate of response of participants from Brazil could be due to a language barrier, since the data collection instrument was translated from Spanish into English, but not to Portuguese. Likewise, the representativeness among countries was differential, which could generate a possible selection bias. However, countries that had more representatives were those that, in the literature review, presented more processes of litigation and scientific evidence with regarding judicialization of health. Even having made a systematic search of articles which proposed strategies, it is likely that various strategies have not been identified, and therefore, evaluated by the participants. The survey had a free field so that participants could provide additional strategies, but this resource was little used by them.
CONCLUSIONS
It is possible to identify priority strategies to effectively guarantee the right to health by the proper performance of health systems. While Table 4 lists the 10 prioritized strategies as most important by respondents in general, we should seek to develop comprehensive strategies contextualized according to the type of model of system of each country. Strategies that are implemented to move toward universal coverage in health can be effective for the reduction of litigations in health in the region, since the dimensions of universal coverage deal with the provision of health services and the financing of such provision.
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Publication Dates
- Publication in this collection
01 Sept 2016
History
- Received
15 July 2014 - Accepted
22 Aug 2015