Resumo em Espanhol:

OBJETIVOS: Establecer la relación entre algunos indicadores sociales y de salud en el nivel local mediante una combinación de métodos epidemiológicos y de referencias geográficas. MÉTODOS: El trabajo se realizó en los 431 radios censales del municipio de Lanús, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, en el período comprendido entre enero de 1995 y diciembre de 2002. Se estratificaron los radios censales mediante un estudio por conglomerados o clústeres según sus características demográficas y socioeconómicas, se analizó la distribución de los eventos del proceso de salud-enfermedad-atención mediante su localización geográfica (georreferencias) y se comparó la distribución de esos eventos a través de diagramas de caja (box-plot) por grupos. La información demográfica y socioeconómica se obtuvo del Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda de 1991 para cuatro aspectos de la población: características de la vivienda, nivel educacional, nivel de hacinamiento y personas mayores de 65 años que vivían en la vivienda. Los indicadores de salud fueron: la cobertura de vacunación de niños al momento del ingreso escolar, las tasas de embarazo en adolescentes y las tasas de mortalidad por tumores de mama en mujeres mayores de 40 años. RESULTADOS: La mediana del número de adolescentes embarazadas disminuyó a medida que mejoraban las condiciones socioeconómicas (ji2 = 60,7452; P = 4,074 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 10-13), mientras que la de la mortalidad por tumores de mama en mujeres mayores de 40 años fue mayor en el estrato con mejores condiciones de vida (ji2 = 12,9766; P = 0,0047). La mediana del número de niños con el esquema de vacunación incompleto al ingreso escolar disminuyó a medida que mejoraban las condiciones socioeconómicas, aunque de manera no significativa (ji2 = 6,3993; P = 0,0937). CONCLUSIONES: La combinación de métodos empleados permitió comprobar la relación existente entre los indicadores sociales y los indicadores del proceso salud-enfermedad-atención, en particular, la tasa de embarazos en adolescentes y la mortalidad por tumores de mama en mujeres mayores de 40 años. Estos resultados son de gran utilidad para diseñar intervenciones específicas dirigidas a reducir desigualdades en el nivel local.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVES: To understand how certain socioeconomic factors interact with health indicators at the local level, so that health inequalities may be better addressed. METHODS: Several epidemiological methods were applied to study the 431 census block groups of the Lanús municipality in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, from January 1995 to December 2002. Using a cluster study, the block groups were categorized according to demographic and socioeconomic traits. A spatial distribution analysis was conducted of each health-related event in terms of its geographic location (georeference), and comparisons were drawn using box-plot charting for each group. Four types of demographic and socioeconomic data were gathered from the 1991 National Population and Housing Census: housing adequacy, overcrowding, percentage of persons 65 and older in the household, and level of education. The health indicators studied were vaccination coverage among children entering primary school, teen pregnancy rates, and breast cancer mortality rates in women over 40 years old. RESULTS: Teen pregnancy rates fell as socioeconomic conditions improved (chi2 = 60.7452; P = 4.074 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 10-13). In contrast, the breast cancer mortality rate among women over 40 was higher among those with a better standard of living (chi2 = 12.9766; P = 0.0047). Although the average number of children with incomplete vaccination schedules at school entry decreased with improved socioeconomic conditions, the difference was not statistically significant (chi2 = 6.3993; P = 0.0937). CONCLUSIONS: The combined methodologies confirmed the correlation between socioeconomic factors and health indicators, especially regarding teen pregnancy and breast cancer mortality rates. The results should be extremely helpful in designing interventions aimed at reducing health inequalities at the local level.

Resumo em Espanhol:

OBJETIVOS: Analizar las diferencias, según el sexo, en el sobrepeso de adolescentes de origen mexicano, puertorriqueño y de otros países latinoamericanos que viven en los Estados Unidos de América e investigar la relación entre esas diferencias y el estatus socioeconómico, las conductas relacionadas con la salud y las características familiares. MÉTODOS: En este estudio transversal por encuesta se obtuvieron y analizaron los datos de muestras representativas para el país de estudiantes latinoamericanos del 8.° y 10.° grados del estudio Monitoring the Future de 1991 a 2004 (N = 11 265). RESULTADOS: Se observó una mayor proporción de niñas estadounidenses de origen mexicano con sobrepeso que de niñas latinoamericanas de otro origen, tanto antes como después de ajustar por numerosos factores de confusión. Independientemente del sexo, el sobrepeso estuvo asociado inversamente con el estatus socioeconómico y la frecuencia de los ejercicios físicos fuertes, y directamente asociado con el tiempo dedicado a ver televisión. No se encontró asociación entre el sobrepeso y las características familiares. CONCLUSIONES: El tiempo dedicado a realizar ejercicios y a ver televisión son dos factores susceptibles de modificar y, si se plantean como objetivo, se puede lograr una importante reducción del sobrepeso. Estos resultados demuestran la necesidad de identificar intervenciones apropiadas, desde el punto de vista cultural y según el sexo, que permitan aumentar la actividad física y reducir las actividades sedentarias en los adolescentes hispanoamericanos, especialmente en las familias de bajo estatus socioeconómico.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVES: This study examined, by gender, differences in being overweight among adolescents of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and other Latin American heritage who live in the United States of America, and investigated the relationships between these differences and socioeconomic status, health-related behaviors, and family characteristics. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey study obtained and analyzed data from nationally representative samples of Latino 8th and 10th graders in the Monitoring the Future study from 1991 to 2004 (N = 11 265). RESULTS: A higher proportion of Mexican-American girls were overweight than other Latin American girls, both before and after adjusting for many confounders. For both genders, being overweight was inversely associated with socioeconomic status and frequency of vigorous exercise, and positively associated with the amount of television viewing. No family characteristic variable examined was associated with overweight. CONCLUSIONS: Time spent exercising and time spent watching television are two potentially modifiable risk factors that, if targeted, may result in important reductions in overweight. The findings indicate the need to identify gender- and culturally-appropriate interventions that can increase physical activity and reduce sedentary activities among Latino adolescents, particularly in families of low socioeconomic status.

Resumo em Espanhol:

OBJETIVO: Describir las características y la evolución del Programa de Prevención Temprana de la Violencia del Municipio de Medellín, Colombia, y evaluar los resultados de la primera etapa tres años después de su implementación. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un análisis anterior (año 2001) y posterior (año 2004) de cinco variables -síntomas de agresión directa, síntomas de agresión indirecta, síntomas de prosocialidad y rendimiento escolar- en una muestra por conveniencia de 339 niños y sus familias que habían participado en el programa. RESULTADOS: Se evidenciaron varios efectos positivos del programa. Se observó una disminución de los síntomas de agresión directa y de los de agresión indirecta, pero en este último caso sólo en niñas y en mayores de 12 años. Se evidenció asimismo un aumento en la prosocialidad en niños de todas las edades y de ambos sexos, incluso en los que presentaban menor grado de prosocialidad en 2001. También se observó en todo el grupo una mejora del rendimiento escolar. Estos resultados pueden haber sido afectados por algunas modificaciones en la implementación del programa de prevención y por la gran peligrosidad del barrio, que ocasionó una disminución de la frecuencia de las visitas domiciliarias a las familias. CONCLUSIONES: El programa parece tener efectos preventivos, puesto que se observa una disminución de la agresión directa en los niños con mayor nivel de agresión, y un efecto protector en el aumento de la prosocialidad en los niños menos agresivos.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVE: To describe the components and development of the Early Prevention of Violence Program in the city of Medellín, Colombia, and to evaluate the results of its first phase, three years after implementation. METHODS: A before (2001) and after (2004) study of four variables-direct aggression, indirect aggression, prosocial behavior, and scholastic achievement-was conducted among a convenience sample of 339 program participants and their families. RESULTS: Several program benefits were noted. Decreases in both direct and indirect aggression were observed, though the latter was reduced only in girls and in those over 12 years old. Prosocial behavior increased among children of all ages and both genders, including those who exhibited low levels of prosocial behavior in 2001. In addition, improved school performance was seen in the group as a whole. Results may have been affected by some changes to the prevention program’s implementation and by the dangerous nature of the neighborhood, which limited the home visits. CONCLUSIONS: The program seems to be an effective intervention for highly aggressive children, among whom a decline in direct aggression was observed. It also offers preventive benefits, as evidenced by the rise of prosocial behaviors in less aggressive children.

Resumo em Português:

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados da campanha de prevenção e diagnóstico precoce do câncer bucal realizada no contexto da campanha de vacinação contra a gripe em idosos no Estado de São Paulo em 2004. MÉTODOS: A partir dos relatórios do Centro Técnico de Saúde Bucal da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, foram levantados dados sobre o seguimento de pacientes encaminhados para elucidação diagnóstica de lesões de tecido mole da boca após diagnóstico visual. Foram avaliados indicadores de resolutividade da campanha (número de pessoas cujo problema foi resolvido no nível básico de atenção à saúde ou em serviços de referência; e pessoas com diagnóstico confirmado de câncer bucal) e de falta de resolutividade (não comparecimento dos encaminhados na unidade de referência; incapacidade do nível básico de atenção à saúde de resolver o problema e não identificação de serviços de referência com capacidade para resolver o problema; e pessoas sem informação quanto ao seguimento). RESULTADOS: Em 2004, foram examinadas 238 087 pessoas de 60 anos ou mais, correspondendo a 6,8% da população do Estado nessa faixa etária (3 494 555 habitantes). A campanha foi realizada em 23 das 24 direções regionais de saúde, porém apenas oito regiões registraram informações sobre seguimento. Das 5 280 pessoas encaminhadas para elucidação diagnóstica de lesões em tecidos moles da boca nessas oito regiões, 60,5% tiveram o seu problema resolvido e 0,5% (26 casos) tiveram diagnóstico confirmado de câncer bucal; 22,5% não completaram o diagnóstico. Para 16,5% dos encaminhamentos, não houve informação disponível quanto ao seguimento e desfechos. CONCLUSÕES: Considerando-se a falta de monitoramento dos resultados na maior parte do Estado e a elevada proporção de pacientes cujo problema de lesão em tecido mole da boca não pôde ser resolvido, a campanha mostrou-se ineficaz. É preciso avaliar a conveniência de realizar a campanha nos próximos anos.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of the 2004 oral cancer prevention and early diagnosis program carried out in conjunction with the annual flu vaccination campaign for the elderly in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Data concerning the follow-up of patients referred for diagnostic investigation of soft tissue lesions identified on visual inspection were collected from the reports issued by the State Health Department/Oral Health Technical Center. The following two characteristics were evaluated as indicators of the program's effectiveness: (1) the number of people whose problem was resolved at the primary care level or in referral services and (2) the number of persons with a confirmed diagnosis of oral cancer. The following indicators were used to assess program ineffectiveness: (1) patients not appearing at the referral unit, (2) inability of the primary care services to resolve the problem, and (3) the absence of follow-up information on patients. RESULTS: In 2004, 238 087 people = 60 years old were examined, corresponding to 6.8% of the state population in this age group (3 494 555 people). The program was carried out in 23 of the state's 24 health regions. However, only 8 of the regions recorded follow-up information. Of the 5 280 people in the 8 regions who were referred for diagnostic investigation of soft tissue lesions, 60.5% had their problem resolved, 0.5% (26 cases) had a confirmed diagnosis of oral cancer, and 22.5% did not have the diagnostic investigation completed. For 16.5% of the cases referred for further study, there was no information available concerning follow-up and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The oral cancer prevention and early diagnosis program was ineffective, given the lack of monitoring of results in most parts of the state of São Paulo, and the high proportion of patients whose soft tissue lesion was not resolved. The usefulness of continuing the program in future years needs to be evaluated.

Resumo em Espanhol:

OBJETIVOS: Se compararon las políticas de control del tabaco, independientemente y en su conjunto, mediante un modelo de simulación para proyectar la prevalencia de tabaquismo y la mortalidad prematura futura asociada con ese hábito en Argentina a partir de 2001. MÉTODOS: Se modificó un modelo de simulación de políticas de control del tabaco, conocido como SimSmoke, con los datos de población, fertilidad, mortalidad, prevalencia de tabaquismo y de las políticas de control del tabaco en efecto en Argentina entre 2001 y 2004. Se utilizó el modelo de simulación de políticas antitabáquicas de Argentina (MSPAA) para predecir el efecto sobre la prevalencia de tabaquismo que tendrían los cambios impositivos y de precios, las leyes de ambientes libres de humo, las campañas mediáticas y los programas para abandonar el hábito de fumar, y de las políticas de control del acceso de los jóvenes al tabaco sobre las tasas de inicio y abandono del tabaquismo. La prevalencia del hábito de fumar y los riesgos relativos de fumar se utilizaron para estimar la mortalidad atribuible al tabaquismo. Se empleó el MSPAA para proyectar la prevalencia de tabaquismo y las muertes atribuibles a este hábito durante el período 2001-2034. RESULTADOS: Las mayores reducciones en la prevalencia de tabaquismo y en la mortalidad prematura asociada con ese hábito se estimaron para un paquete de políticas integradas de control del tabaco, aunque se predijeron reducciones relativas de hasta 30% por grandes aumentos impositivos. La adición de campañas mediáticas junto a programas para difundir y aplicar las leyes de ambientes libres de humo, la prohibición de anuncios promocionales y las leyes que controlan el acceso de los jóvenes al tabaco podrían reducir las tasas de tabaquismo hasta en 45% para el año 2034 y salvarían casi 16 000 vidas anualmente. CONCLUSIONES: Las políticas de control del tabaco pueden reducir considerablemente las tasas de tabaquismo, lo que podría salvar muchas vidas. Sin esas políticas, aumentarán el número de muertes por tabaquismo y los gastos médicos asociados. Se espera que el MSPAA brinde una guía para reducir las más importantes brechas informativas relacionadas tanto con la modelación como con la elaboración de políticas en Argentina, por ejemplo, la falta de datos sobre las tasas de inicio y abandono del tabaquismo y la necesidad de estudios sobre el efecto de las políticas. Se podrían desarrollar modelos similares para otros países latinoamericanos.

Resumo em Inglês:

OBJECTIVES: To compare tobacco control policies independently and as a package through a simulation model to project smoking prevalence and associated future premature mortality in Argentina beginning in 2001. METHODS: A simulation model of tobacco control policies known as SimSmoke was modified using data for Argentina on population, fertility and mortality, smoking prevalence, and tobacco control policies in effect between 2001 and 2004. We used the Argentina Tobacco Policy Simulation model (ATPSM) to consider the effect on smoking prevalence of changes in taxes and prices, clean air laws, media campaigns, cessation programs, and youth access policies on smoking initiation and cessation rates. Smoking prevalence and relative risks of smoking were used to estimate smoking-attributable mortality. The ATPSM was used to project smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths during the period 2001-2034. RESULTS: The largest reductions in smoking prevalence and premature mortality were predicted for a comprehensive tobacco control policy package, but relative reductions of as much as 30% were also predicted for large tax increases. Adding a media campaign along with programs to publicize and enforce clean air laws, advertising bans, and youth access laws would further reduce smoking rates by up to 45% by the year 2034, and would save almost 16 000 lives per year. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco control policies can substantially reduce smoking rates, which can save many lives. Without such policies, deaths from smoking, and associated medical costs, will increase. The ATPSM is expected to provide guidance in filling the most important information gaps pertinent to both modeling and policy-making in Argentina, e.g., the lack of data on initiation and cessation rates, and the need for studies on the impact of policies. Similar models might be developed for other Latin American countries.

Resumo em Inglês:

During the last 22 years, the Region of the Americas has seen an upward trend in dengue incidence, with epidemics peaking ever higher and recurring every 3-5 years, almost regularly. A major factor in the spread of the disease has been the diminished capacity of national programs to respond with dengue prevention and control. This paper evaluates the Integrated Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control-approved by the 44th Directing Council of the Pan American Health Organization in September 2003-and its preliminary results. The Integrated Strategy for Dengue is a management model designed to strengthen national programs, with a focus on reducing morbidity, mortality, and the societal and economic burdens produced by outbreaks and epidemics. Currently, 11 of the countries in the Region have developed a plan for or implemented a national strategy. In addition, a sub-Regional plan has been developed for Central America and the Dominican Republic. The Integrated Strategy for Dengue is expected to produce a qualitative leap forward in prevention and control through stronger partnerships among the State, its various ministries, and governing bodies, at all levels; private companies; and the range of community and civil groups. Once implemented, this strategy will reduce risk factors for dengue transmission, establish an integrated epidemiological surveillance system, decrease Aedes aegypti mosquito populations, prepare laboratories to better detect and identify the virus, optimize diagnosis and treatment, and, as a result, decrease the frequency, magnitude, and severity of dengue outbreaks and epidemics.