Revista de Saúde Pública, Volume: 58 Supplement 1, Published: 2024
  • Perceptions and practices of healthcare providers in providing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis to trans adolescents and young adults and men who have sex with men Artigo Original

    Urbano, Ayra Zaine Rodrigues; Ferraz, Dulce; Raymundo, Yzabelle de Lima; Zucchi, Eliana Miura

    Abstract in Portuguese:

    RESUMO OBJETIVO: Compreender as percepções e práticas de profissionais de saúde no contexto da oferta de profilaxia pré-exposição ao HIV (PrEP) entre adolescentes e jovens gays e trans. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida como parte do estudo PrEP1519, realizada entre 2018 e 2021, com o objetivo de analisar a efetividade de PrEP entre adolescentes e jovens. Os dados foram produzidos de julho de 2020 a fevereiro de 2021 no sítio de São Paulo, combinando técnicas de observação-participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas. O processo analítico envolveu imersão no material empírico, codificação e categorização, com apoio do software NVivo®. A interpretação seguiu o princípio hermenêutico-dialético e teve como horizonte o conceito de cuidado inserido nas práticas de saúde. RESULTADOS: A construção do vínculo de confiança foi informada por práticas que reconheciam a singularidade dos/as adolescentes/jovens e suas demandas e buscavam impulsionar sua autonomia. A escuta sensível e solidária foi apontada como uma prática de acolhimento propulsora de ações de cuidado. Atitudes acolhedoras e suporte frente a situações de estigma e violências, relacionadas ou não ao uso de PrEP, convergiram para o reconhecimento da necessidade de apoio no desenvolvimento de autonomia para a prevenção entre adolescentes e jovens. O uso de linguagem próxima do cotidiano favoreceu a construção de relações de confiança, influenciando positivamente o desenvolvimento da autonomia e a adesão a PrEP. A tensão entre êxito técnico e sucesso prático foi observada na busca idealizada pela normatividade adultocêntrica em contraposição à intersubjetividade. CONCLUSÃO: As percepções e práticas dos/as profissionais de saúde se mostram coerentes com o conceito de cuidado, pois compreendem ações além dos saberes técnicos e reconhecem os contextos que aumentam a vulnerabilidade dos/as adolescentes e jovens ao HIV.

    Abstract in English:

    ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This study aims to understand the perceptions and practices of healthcare providers regarding the offer of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to gay and trans adolescents and young adults. METHODS: This qualitative research was developed as part of the PrEP1519 study, which was conducted from 2018 to 2021 to analyze the effectiveness of PrEP in adolescents and young adults. Data were collected from July 2020 to February 2021 at the municipality of São Paulo by combining participant observations and semi-structured interviews. The analytical process involved immersion in the empirical material and coding and categorizing it with the support of NVivo®. Interpretation followed the hermeneutic-dialectical principle and had the concept of Care in health practices as its horizon. RESULTS: The construction of trust-based relationships followed practices that acknowledge the uniqueness of youth and their demands and sought to strengthen their autonomy. Sensitive and supportive listening was pointed out as a welcoming practice that propelled care actions. Welcoming attitudes and support in facing stigma and violence (related or not to the use of PrEP) acknowledged the need to support adolescents and young adults to develop autonomy for prevention. The use of language close to young people’s everyday life favored the construction of relationships of trust and positively influenced the development of autonomy and adherence to PrEP. The tension between technical and practical success occurred in the idealized search for adult-centric normativity as opposed to intersubjectivity. CONCLUSION: The perceptions and practices of healthcare providers are aligned with the concept of Care as they include actions beyond technical knowledge and recognize the contexts that increase the vulnerability of adolescents and young adults to HIV.
  • Prevalence of hepatitis among young men who have sex with men and transgender women in Brazil Original Article

    Santos, Carina Carvalho dos; Leite, Beo Oliveira; Lima, Fernanda Washington de Mendonça; Magno, Laio; Grangeiro, Alexandre; Westin, Mateus; Moura, Daniel Lima de; Dourado, Inês

    Abstract in English:

    ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections disproportionally affect men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). However, only a few studies have evaluated the prevalence of hepatitis in these populations, especially in youths and adolescents. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of biomarkers for hepatitis A, B, and C among young and adolescent MSM and TGW in three Brazilian municipalities. METHODS: Baseline data were collected from a combination of HIV prevention cohort of young and adolescent MSM (AMSM) and TGW (ATGW) aged 15-19 years in three Brazilian municipalities. A social behavioral questionnaire was applied, and immunoassays were performed to detect antibodies against hepatitis A (anti- HAV IgG and IgM), hepatitis B (anti-HBc and anti-HBs), and hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV); testing for the active hepatitis B marker, HBsAg, was also performed. The prevalence of reactive tests and 95% confidence interval (CI) for proportions were measured. RESULTS: The prevalence of naturally or artificially acquired immunity for hepatitis A totaled 17.7% (95%CI: 15.4-20.4), whereas that of acute infection, 0.4% (95%CI: 0.2-1.2). For hepatitis B and C, prevalence rates totaled 2.8% (95%CI: 1.8-4.4) and 0.2% (95%CI: 0.1-1.1), respectively. About 25.7% (95%CI: 22.4-29.4) of participants were non-reactive for anti-HBc and reactive for anti-HBs, the latter being a vaccine marker for hepatitis B. CONCLUSIONS: The investigation of viral hepatitis biomarkers among vulnerable populations enables the early identification of infections, the provision of timely treatment, and an opportunity to point out the need to expand vaccination coverage.
  • Dynamics of HIV self-testing uptake among sexual and gender minorities: pre and during COVID-19 Original Article

    Magno, Laio; Ferraz, Dulce; Zucchi, Eliana Miura; Pinto, Jony Arrais Junior; Soares, Fabiane; Grangeiro, Alexandre; Greco, Dirceu; Dourado, Ines

    Abstract in English:

    ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with HIV self-testing (HIVST) uptake among adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) and adolescent transgender women (ATGW) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional HIVST uptake study was conducted among AMSM and ATGW. Peer educators and health professionals began providing HIVST in February 2019. The outcome was the HIVST uptake before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The association between each predictor and outcome in each period was analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regressions, estimating odds ratios, and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The uptake was 229/510 (44.9%) and 382/1,075 (35.5%) before and during the pandemic. During the pre-pandemic period, HIVST uptake was higher in participants who reported receptive anal sex. During the pandemic, uptake was lower in participants with a steady sexual partner and higher in those with frequent oral sex with a steady partner in the previous three months. Before and during the pandemic, HIVST uptake was lower in ATGW and higher in those aged 18–19 years and in participants who lived alone. CONCLUSIONS: Uptake decreased during the pandemic. Sexual behavioral factors associated with HIVST uptake changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, showing the fluid dynamics of sexuality in AMSM and ATGW during this period. HIV programs can optimize the implementation of HIVST among adolescents and young people by incorporating effective and differentiated service delivery models to increase HIV testing uptake and to reach undiagnosed individuals effectively.
  • Recent HIV infections and estimated HIV incidence among adolescents from key populations Original Article

    Zeballos, Diana; Soares, Fabiane; Magno, Laio; Szwarcwald, Celia Landmann; Ferreira, Orlando; Westin, Mateus; Greco, Dirceu; Grangeiro, Alexandre; Dourado, Inês

    Abstract in English:

    ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To identify recent HIV-1 infection and estimate HIV incidence among adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) and transgender women (ATGW) in Brazil. METHODS: From January to December 2020, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted with baseline data from the PrEP1519 study, an HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration cohort in Brazil among sexually active AMSM/ATGW aged 15-19. For enrollment, participants were screened with a fourth-generation HIV rapid test. The recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) included a recency assay in blood specimens, viral load, and CD4 cell count prior to antiretroviral treatment use. Among these participants, RITA-based HIV incidence was estimated using a mean duration of recency infection of 214 days and a false-recent rate of 0.02. RESULTS: Out of the 494 participants screened, 21 tested positive for HIV. Following RITA, five adolescents had a recent HIV infection, 14 had long-term infections, and two did not have blood specimens available. We classified these two participants as long-term infection cases due to CD4 cell counts and previous use of antiretroviral treatment. Among those who tested positive, all but one were AMSM (94.7%), 73.6% were aged 18-19, and 76.2% were non-White. The HIV prevalence was 4.2%, and the estimated HIV incidence was 1.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated incidence highlights the need for targeted HIV prevention interventions, such as PrEP, for sexual minority adolescents. Integrating RITA into routine HIV testing services for this population provides valuable information on the current HIV epidemic. This strategy can aid in monitoring the effectiveness of prevention efforts and improving early entry to HIV care.
  • Factors associated with condomless anal sex among adolescent men who have sex with men and transgender women in three Brazilian state capitals: a PrEP1519 study Artigo Original

    Rosário, Rijone; Dourado, Inês; Pereira, Marcos; Dezanet, Lorenza; Greco, Dirceu; Grangeiro, Alexandre; Magno, Laio

    Abstract in Portuguese:

    RESUMO OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores que aumentam a prática de sexo anal sem preservativo (SASP) entre adolescentes homens que fazem sexo com homens (aHSH) e travestis mulheres trans (aTrMT) em três capitais brasileiras. MÉTODOS: PrEP1519 é uma coorte prospectiva, multicêntrica, de demonstração da efetividade da profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) ao HIV entre aHSH e aTrMT, com idade entre 15 e 19 anos, em três capitais brasileiras. As análises foram realizadas com dados da linha de base da coorte, com a inclusão de 1.418 adolescentes inscritos de 2019 a 2021. O desfecho estudado foi SASP nos últimos seis meses, e os potenciais fatores associados foram sociodemográficos, comportamentais, de assistência à saúde e histórico de violência e discriminação. Foi realizada análise descritiva, bivariada e multivariada. Estimaram-se razões de prevalência ajustadas (RPa) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS: A maioria dos participantes era aHSH (91,5%), com idade de 18 a 19 anos (75,9%), pretos (40,5%), ensino médio e superior em andamento (92,7%), com relato de SASP na primeira relação sexual (54,2%), início da vida sexual antes dos 14 anos (43,4%) e história de sexo em grupo (24,6%) e de sexo transacional (14,6%). A prevalência de SASP nos últimos seis meses foi de 80,6% (IC95% 78,5%-82,6%). Adolescentes que relataram primeira relação sexual sem preservativo (RPa: 1,18; IC95% 1,10-1,25), consumo de substâncias psicoativas (RPa: 1,09; IC95% 1,03-1,16) e sexo transacional (RPa: 1,11; IC95% 1,04-1,20) tiveram maior prevalência de SASP nos últimos seis meses. Verificou-se também que aqueles com idade de 15 a 17 anos tiveram maior prevalência de SASP em comparação àqueles de 18 a 19 anos (RPa: 1,07; IC95% 0,99-1,13). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de SASP foi alta entre aHSH e aTrMT, bem como esteve associada a práticas que podem aumentar o risco de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST). Assim, recomenda-se o fortalecimento de programas de saúde sexual para jovens que abordem o tema da sexualidade e prevenção de IST, tal como a ampliação do acesso a métodos preventivos, como preservativo e PrEP.

    Abstract in English:

    ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors that increase the practice of condomless anal sex (CAS) among adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) and adolescent travestis and transgender women (ATGW) in three Brazilian state capitals. METHODS: PrEP1519 is a prospective, multicenter cohort study demonstrating the effectiveness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among AMSM and ATGW aged from 15 to 19 years in three Brazilian state capitals. The analyses were performed with baseline cohort data, including 1,418 adolescents enrolled from 2019 to 2021. The outcome studied was CAS in the last six months, and the potentially associated factors were sociodemographic, behavioral, healthcare, and history of violence and discrimination. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were conducted. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. RESULTS: Most of the participants were AMSM (91.5%), aged 18 to 19 years (75.9%), Black (40.5%), with secondary or higher education in progress (92.7%), with CAS during the first sexual intercourse (54.2%), sexual initiation before the age of 14 (43.4%), and history of group sex (24.6%) and transactional sex (14.6%). The prevalence of CAS in the last six months was 80.6% (95%CI 78.5%-82.6%). Adolescents who reported condomless first sexual intercourse (aPR: 1.18; 95%CI 1.10-1.25), use of psychoactive substances (aPR: 1.09; 95%CI 1.03-1.16), and transactional sex (aPR: 1.11; 95%CI 1.04-1.20) had a higher prevalence of CAS in the last six months. We also found that those aged 15 to 17 years had a higher prevalence of CAS than those aged 18 to 19 (aPR: 1.07; 95%CI 0.99-1.13). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CAS was high among AMSM and ATGW, being associated with practices that may increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, it is recommended to strengthen sexual health programs for young people that address the issue of sexuality and STI prevention, as well as to expand access to preventive methods, such as condoms and PrEP.
  • Social representations of HIV and healthcare among recently diagnosed youth Artigo Original

    Guarnieri, Rosana; Botelho, Fernanda Cangussu; Silva, Luís Augusto Vasconcelos da; Zucchi, Eliana Miura

    Abstract in Portuguese:

    RESUMO OBJETIVO: Compreender as representações sociais do HIV e suas repercussões no cuidado de jovens recentemente diagnosticados. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada pesquisa qualitativa no contexto do estudo PrEP15-19, que analisou a efetividade da profilaxia pré-exposição sexual ao HIV entre adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com nove jovens homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) e uma travesti. Todos receberam diagnóstico de HIV durante a inclusão no estudo realizado em São Paulo e Salvador entre 2019 e 2020. O roteiro de entrevista abordou aspectos da prevenção ao HIV e repercussões no cuidado. Utilizou-se análise temática dos dados, interpretados a partir da teoria das representações sociais. RESULTADOS: Os jovens relataram experiências de estigma e discriminação relacionadas à orientação sexual, identidade e expressão de gênero. Essas vivências trouxeram sofrimentos que foram atualizados na comunicação do diagnóstico, pois remetiam às representações sociais do HIV e aids disseminadas pelo senso comum, baseadas no conhecimento precário sobre prevenção, tratamento e transmissão do HIV. Na análise dos facilitadores e barreiras ao cuidado, a vinculação ao tratamento esteve fortemente relacionada ao acolhimento nos serviços de saúde, com informações e apoio, além de escuta qualificada. As barreiras estiveram relacionadas às fragilidades nos espaços de saúde que obstaculizam o cuidado, como falta de privacidade, hostilidade de profissionais e insegurança quanto à confidencialidade do diagnóstico. CONCLUSÕES: As representações sociais do HIV constituem uma importante dimensão da experiência diagnóstica de jovens, sobretudo por atualizar histórias de violência, homofobia, transfobia, estigma e discriminação. Sua compreensão, a partir dos discursos de jovens, constitui importante ferramenta para formulação de políticas públicas voltadas às demandas dessa faixa etária. Portanto, a construção de novas representações sociais que visem à mitigação do estigma torna-se um dos elementos mais importantes para o enfrentamento da epidemia de HIV entre adolescentes e jovens.

    Abstract in English:

    ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To understand the social representations of HIV and their repercussions for the healthcare among recently diagnosed youth. METHODS: This qualitative research was conducted within PrEP15-19, a study that analyzed the effectiveness of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine participants, of whom eight identified themselves as gay men and one as travesti. All were diagnosed with HIV as this study was conducted in São Paulo and Salvador from 2019 to 2020. The interview guide covered aspects of HIV prevention and repercussions on care. Data were thematically analyzed and interpreted based on social representations theory. RESULTS: Participants reported experiences of stigma and discrimination related to their sexual orientation and gender identity and expression. Their diagnosis renewed these painful experiences as it referred to the common-sense social representations of HIV and AIDS based on precarious knowledge of HIV prevention, treatment, and transmission. Analysis of facilitators and barriers to care strongly related treatment adherence to health services welcoming people with information, support, and careful listening. Barriers were related to health services’ constraints, such as lack of privacy, professionals’ hostility, and insecurity regarding diagnosis confidentiality. CONCLUSIONS: The social representations of HIV are an important dimension of youths’ experience receiving their diagnosis, especially since it renews stories of violence, homophobia, transphobia, stigma, and discrimination. Understanding this based on youths’ narratives is an important tool to formulate public policies aimed at the needs of this age group. Therefore, building new social representations to mitigate stigma constitutes one of the most important elements to face the HIV epidemic among adolescents and youth.
  • Trans/Travesti/+: PrEP in specialized services before and during the COVID-19 pandemic Artigo Original

    Unsain, Ramiro Andres Fernandez; Zucchi, Eliana Miura; Santos, Lorruan Alves dos; Ferraz, Dulce; Massa, Paula; Pontes, Júlia Clara de; Grangeiro, Alexandre; Couto, Marcia Thereza

    Abstract in Portuguese:

    RESUMO OBJETIVO: Compreender as percepções e experiências de mulheres transexuais, travestis e pessoas não binárias ou de gênero fluido (MTrT+) em serviços de saúde que fazem segmento de profilaxia pré-exposição sexual (PrEP), antes e durante o contexto de pandemia, quanto às ressignificações na relação com os serviços e à continuidade da prevenção ao HIV por meio da PrEP. MÉTODOS: Investigação qualitativa e análise de material empírico produzido no âmbito de estudos mais amplos. Realizaram-se 45 entrevistas semiestruturadas com MTrT+ usuárias da PrEP da cidade de São Paulo, aplicando-se posteriormente a análise de conteúdo temática iterativa. RESULTADOS: As MTrT+ entrevistadas, com relação à pandemia de covid-19; protagonizam e ressignificam suas próprias lutas, seus cotidianos e suas formas de cuidar da saúde. Com suas particularidades, a pandemia se torna um acontecimento a mais dentre todos os demais que as MTrT+ enfrentam quotidianamente. Paralelamente, transitam pela epidemia de HIV, mas com a possibilidade de se prevenir por meio da PrEP. CONCLUSÃO: Por uma perspectiva situada e consciente, mais explícita no contexto da crise sanitária, as MTrT+ entrelaçam ações conscientes e práticas de cuidado em diálogo com os serviços de saúde. Aprofundar as investigações sobre esses grupos, a partir de uma dinâmica espaço-temporal situada em contextos específicos de produção de sentido, possibilita avançar em estratégias de prevenção e cuidado, especialmente em momentos de crise sanitárias.

    Abstract in English:

    ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To understand the perceptions and experiences of transsexual and travesti women and non-binary or gender-fluid people (TGWT+) in health services where they took pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the periods before and during the pandemic, focusing on the resignification in the relationship with services and the continuity of HIV prevention via PrEP. METHODS: Qualitative research and analysis of empirical material generated in the context of broader studies were conducted. A total of 45 semi-structured interviews were conducted with TGWT+ PrEP users in the city of São Paulo and analyzed using iterative thematic content analysis. RESULTS: The TGWT+ interviewees gave new meanings to their struggles, daily lives and ways of caring for their health and played a central role within them. With its particularities, the COVID-19 pandemic became one more event among all the others that TGWT+ face daily. Alongside the COVID-19 pandemic, the TGWT+ were faced with the HIV epidemic, but with the possibility of prevention via PrEP. CONCLUSION: Based on a situated and conscious perspective, more explicit in the context of the health crisis, the TGWT+ intertwined conscious actions and care practices in dialog with health services. Further research on these groups from a spatiotemporal dynamic situated in specific contexts of meaning production would make it possible to advance prevention and care strategies, especially in times of health crisis.
  • At the intersections: operationalizing intersectional thematic analysis in HIV prevention Artigo Original

    Spadacio, Cristiane; Santos, Lorruan Alves dos; Unsain, Ramiro Andres Fernandez; Sorrentino, Isa da Silva; Couto, Marcia Thereza

    Abstract in Portuguese:

    RESUMO OBJETIVO: Este artigo objetiva fornecer instrumentação teórica e metodológica inicial para auxiliar a produção de análises temáticas sob orientação interseccional em estudos qualitativos de base empírica em saúde. Argumenta-se que o encontro da perspectiva interseccional com a análise temática tem o potencial de atualizar essa última - bastante popular nas investigações qualitativas no campo da saúde - acerca das importantes discussões sobre os múltiplos e relacionados padrões de privilégio e opressão que operam nos níveis estrutural e institucional e produzem experiências de desvantagem relativa nos indivíduos segundo suas posições de gênero, raça/cor, classe, sexualidade, geração, entre outras. MÉTODO: Este trabalho, com caráter ensaístico e metodológico, foi realizado a partir de um artigo que analisou dados empíricos qualitativos de um estudo longitudinal demonstrativo da Profilaxia Pré-Exposição sexual ao HIV (PrEP) entre jovens de 15 a 19 anos em três capitais brasileiras. Foram discutidas as limitações, os desafios e as potencialidades dos esforços teóricos e metodológicos empreendidos pelos seus autores, e apresentada uma proposta de operacionalização da análise temática com sensibilidade interseccional. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que a análise temática com sensibilidade interseccional pode ser potencializada com a utilização de triangulação de técnicas para a produção de dados qualitativos. A proposição inicial, desde a etapa do desenho da pesquisa, da construção e da aplicação dos instrumentos de produção de dados com intencionalidade interseccional favorece e viabiliza o reconhecimento das relações entre marcadores sociais nas categorias analíticas. DISCUSSÃO: O fato de a perspectiva teórico-metodológica da interseccionalidade não estar presente desde a concepção da pesquisa e a fase de produção dos dados não inviabiliza a utilização da interseccionalidade como ferramenta metodológica, embora possa implicar algumas limitações em termos de análise e discussão dos resultados. Tais limitações podem ser contornadas com a proposição de pressupostos de caráter interseccional e o cotejamento dos resultados com a literatura referente ao tema e objeto de estudo.

    Abstract in English:

    ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This study aims to provide theoretical and methodological tools to assist in producing thematic analyses guided by an intersectional approach in empirically-based qualitative health studies. It argues that combining an intersectional perspective with thematic analysis can update the latter-which is quite popular in qualitative health investigations-regarding meaningful discussions about multiple and interconnected patterns of privilege and oppression that operate structurally and institutionally, producing experiences of relative disadvantage in individuals according to their gender, race/ethnicity, class, sexuality, generation, among other positions. METHODS: Based on an article that analyzed qualitative empirical data from a longitudinal demonstrative study on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (PrEP) in adolescents and young people aged 15 to 19 years in two Brazilian capitals, this study discusses the limitations, challenges, and potentialities of the theoretical and methodological efforts undertaken by those authors. Additionally, this research that offers a proposal for operationalizing thematic analysis with intersectional sensitivity. RESULTS: It observed that triangulating techniques can enhance thematic analysis with intersectional sensitivity to produce qualitative data. Adopting an a priori intersectional proposal, starting from the research design phase, construction, and application of data production instruments with intersectional intentionality, enables the recognition of the relations between social markers in analytical categories. DISCUSSION: However, the absence of an intersectional theoretical-methodological perspective to conceive research and produce data fails to render intersectionality as a methodological tool unfeasible, although it may limit result analysis and discussion. Such limitations can be addressed by proposing intersectional assumptions and comparing the results with literature related to the theme and object of study.
  • HIV prevention among marginalized adolescents: PrEP1519 results and perspectives Editorial

    Bastos, João Luiz; Gonçalves, Tonantzin Ribeiro; Waldman, Eliseu Alves
Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revsp@org.usp.br