• Brazilian lessons on the search for the Universal Right to Health Editorial

  • Comprehensive Primary Health Care in Perspective: Latin American experiences Apresentação

    Almeida, Patty Fidelis de; Giovanella, Lígia; Vega Romero, Román; Amarante, Paulo
  • Debate on Primary Health Care

    Rovere, Mario

    Abstract in Spanish:

    La Atención Primaria de la Salud, un concepto amplio y difundido, es colocado en debate en el presente artículo. Sin embargo, esa es, una tarea nada sencilla, dado el fuerte carácter idealista de sus principios y postulados. A través de diversos mecanismos, como develar sus antecedentes inmediatos y remotos, la detección de modelos en conflicto, de contradicciones conceptuales y el uso extensivo de preguntas, diversas afirmaciones doctrinarias, que parecen de toda obviedad, son puestas en entredicho. Se invita así al lector/a a una 'deconstrucción' del concepto de Atención Primaria de la Salud, de cara a producir nuevas propuestas más estratégicas y eficaces para que los trabajadores de salud, donde quiera que se desempeñen, cuenten con herramientas para enfrentar la creciente mercantilización del sector.

    Abstract in English:

    Primary Health Care is a broad and spread concept that became a matter of debate throughout these pages. This was not an easy task due to its strong idealistic aspect and its principles and guidelines. Because of the many mechanisms used to reveal its immediate and remote antecedents, the discovery of conflictual models with conceptual contradictions and the large number of questions, many doctrinaire statements, which seemed to be obvious, are being questioned. We invite the reader to deconstruct the concept of Primary Health Care in order to come up with new strategic proposals, which can be more efficient so that health workers can count on tools to face the growing mercantilization of the sector, wherever they are.
  • Primary Health Care: a recipe for all seasons? Artigo de Debate

    Paim, Jairnilson Silva
  • Comment on investigation of health systems, health primary care, and participation to social change

    Barten, Françoise
  • Dialoging with Mario Rovere about the article "Debate on Primary Health Care"

    Feo, Oscar
  • On the need to legitimate primary care practices Artigo de Debate

    Conill, Eleonor Minho
  • Answer to the commentators

    Rovere, Mario
  • Primary Health Care in Argentina: disordered proliferation and conflicting models

    Bertolotto, Analía; Fuks, Ana; Rovere, Mario

    Abstract in Spanish:

    Una reconstrucción del campo de la salud en Argentina ha permitido verificar que, bajo la denominación genérica de la Atención Primaria de Salud, se han cobijado un conjunto de dispositivos de atención provenientes de diferentes tradiciones de la Salud Pública, entretejidas a su vez por los disímiles modelos políticos que se sucedieron en Argentina antes y después de 1978. El plan de la presente investigación previó una fase de indagación con referentes históricos de la Atención Primaria de Salud y una de trabajo con responsables de los procesos de formación de posgrados que participaron en el proceso de construcción de conocimiento y en la especulación sobre la aplicación de los resultados.

    Abstract in English:

    A historical study of the health field in Argentina allowed to verify that the generic concept of Primary Health Care has recruited a cluster of different models coming from many initiatives of international Public Health experiences. These traditions were pragmatically combined by the political waves that draw a dramatic and a polar sequence from 1978 until nowadays. The research plan included a historical component, using documents and former stakeholders' interview, and a prospective one with work of postgraduate educators that had preliminary results, questions, and challenges in order to explore the future of the Primary Health Care.
  • Health care coordination by primary health care and its implications for users' satisfaction Artigos Originais

    Almeida, Patty Fidelis de; Giovanella, Lígia; Nunan, Berardo Augusto

    Abstract in Portuguese:

    O presente artigo analisou as possíveis relações entre a coordenação dos cuidados pela Atenção Primária à Saúde e a satisfação dos usuários nos municípios de Aracaju, Belo Horizonte, Florianópolis e Vitória. Indicadores selecionados para avaliar duas dimensões da coordenação - integração entre níveis assistenciais e fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde - foram confrontados com aqueles de avaliação da satisfação dos usuários com o desempenho das equipes de Saúde da Família. Os resultados apontam que as mudanças empreendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família se refletem na satisfação geral com a Atenção Primária à Saúde, indicando melhorias quando comparadas às ações desenvolvidas por serviços 'tradicionais'.

    Abstract in English:

    The present article analyzed the possible relationships between care coordination by the Primary Health Care and users' satisfaction in four towns in Brazil - Aracaju, Belo Horizonte, Florianópolis, and Vitória. Some indicators selected to evaluate two dimensions of coordination - integration among care and strengthening levels of the Primary Health Care - were compared with those related to users' satisfaction with Family Health team performance. Both results revealed that the changes introduced by the Brazilian's Family Health Strategy are reflected in an overall satisfaction with the Primary Health Care, thus they show improvements as compared with care provided by 'traditional' services.
  • An explanation from context and content of health policies to a hybrid and segmented primary health care model in Bogotá

    Vega Romero, Román; Hernández Torres, Jinneth; Mosquera Méndez, Paola Andrea

    Abstract in Spanish:

    Este estudio respondió a la pregunta de cómo el contexto y el contenido de las políticas de salud de Colombia han influido en la implementación de un modelo híbrido y segmentado de atención primaria en salud en Bogotá en el período del 2004 al 2010, a pesar de haberse formulado otro de atención primaria en salud integral. Para ello se realizó un análisis de contenido de material documental, el cual evidenció que el modelo híbrido y segmentado resultante en la implementación está influido por la segmentación, fragmentación y orientación de mercado de aseguramiento y de prestación de servicios propia del sistema de salud colombiano y por la política de Gestión Social del Riesgo, los cuales, en conjunto, imponen limitaciones estructurales al diseño integral de atención primaria en salud formulado teóricamente por la autoridad sanitaria distrital.

    Abstract in English:

    This study has answered the issue on how the context and content of Colombian health policies have influenced the primary health care model that was implemented in Bogotá, from 2004 to 2010, despite another primary care in integral health has already been created. Thus, a qualitative and documental analysis was carried out, which indicated that despite having formulated a CPHC conception, a hybrid and segmented approach emerged during the implementation. This approach is due to a segmented and fragmented health system driven by a market of insurance and health services and by a social policy based on social risk social management, which, together, impose structural limitations to the initial comprehensive formulation of the primary health care.
  • Participatory construction of indicators of an intercultural health model in Loreto county, Ecuador

    Arteaga, Erika Lorena; San Sebastián, Miguel; Amores, Alfredo

    Abstract in Spanish:

    Desarrollar indicadores para medir la implementación de un modelo de salud intercultural con la participación de usuarios indígenas y proveedores de salud indígenas y no indígenas. Métodos: Investigación con acción participativa. Estudio de caso del modelo de salud intercultural del cantón Loreto, provincia Orellana, en Ecuador. Resultados: Fueron identificados 32 indicadores agrupados en cuatro dimensiones: comunicación y lenguaje; provisión de servicios; servicios integrados con la cultura local y intercambio de conocimientos y experiencias. Conclusiones: El estudio incorporó puntos de vista indígenas no considerados en la estrategia de salud intercultural nacional y que, en muchos casos, son relacionados con la calidad del servicio más que con un tema de diferencia cultural.

    Abstract in English:

    To develop indicators for measuring the implementation of an intercultural health model, with indigenous users and indigenous and non-indigenous health providers. Methods: Participatory action research. A case study of the intercultural health model was conducted in Loreto county, Orellana province, Ecuador. Results: Thirty-two indicators were identified, and divided into four dimensions: communication and language; health services provision; health services integrated with the community's culture and knowledge, and exchange of experiences. Conclusions: This study incorporated point of views of indigenous users and providers that have not been previously considered in the national intercultural health strategy. In many cases, they are related to the quality of service rather than being a matter of cultural difference.
  • Construction of the community health system in Guarjila: systematization of an experience of Comprehensive Primary Health Care in El Salvador in the period 1987-2007

    Dubón Abrego, María Argelia; Menjívar López, Dagoberto; Espinoza Fiallos, Eduardo; Baatz, Christa

    Abstract in Spanish:

    Se sistematizó una experiencia de salud comunitaria, surgida durante la Guerra Civil en El Salvador, en un contexto de represión institucionalizada, describiendo el proceso desarrollado con elementos de la Atención Primaria de Salud integral, tomando como ejes el proceso histórico de construcción, el empoderamiento social y los indicadores de impacto. La población abordó intersectorialmente sus problemas, mejorando condiciones básicas como vivienda, agua, letrinas y energía eléctrica; produjo sus alimentos; y creó un modelo de educación popular y de salud con agentes comunitarios. Las intervenciones en salud progresaron desde la atención y prevención de la enfermedad, hasta un abordaje integral de determinantes sociales. La organización, la participación y el trabajo intersectorial fueron claves para mejorar la salud y el desarrollo integral de la comunidad.

    Abstract in English:

    A community health experience during the Civil War in El Salvador was systematized, which emerged in a context of institutionalized repression, describing the process developed as a comprehensive Primary Health Care. The axes of systematization were the processes of historical construction experience, social empowerment, and indicators of impact on community health. The population addressed their problems across inter-sectoral actions, improving basic conditions such as housing, water, latrines, and electricity. Population also produced their own food, created a model of popular education and health based in community agents. Health interventions evolved from the original focus in the injury to the prevention of disease and later to a comprehensive approach to social health determinants. The community organization, participation and inter-sectoral actions were keys to improve health and comprehensive development of the community.
  • From the invisibility of the situation of rural and community health services in Uruguay towards the prioritization of rural health as Public Policy

    Borgia, Fernando; Gularte, Alexis; Gabrielzyk, Ingrid; Azambuja, Marcela; Soto, Jorge; Corneo, Miguel; Giménez, Helena; Arraras, Marlene; González, Sebastián

    Abstract in Spanish:

    La creación del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS) pretendió revertir la fragmentación e inequidad preexistente en el acceso, oportunidad y calidad de la atención a la salud. Su implementación progresiva priorizó la incorporación de prestadores integrales de servicios de salud que brindan servicios en los tres niveles de complejidad de atención. Propósito: visibilizar la situación de las policlínicas comunitarias y rurales no incorporadas al SNIS, su historia y generar propuestas-acciones de incidencia para su integración al SNIS y el desarrollo de la Atención Primaria de Salud Integral (APS-I). Métodos: Investigación-Acción-Participativa, cuantitativos, cualitativos, y análisis colectivo con población. Conclusiones: se contribuyó a la desinvisibilización de la situación de las policlínicas comunitarias y rurales, y a la priorización de la salud rural como política pública.

    Abstract in English:

    The creation of the National Integrated Health System (NIHS) attempted to reverse the existing fragmentation and inequity in access, opportunity and quality of health care. Progressive implementation incorporating prioritized comprehensive providers of health services, which provide services at the three levels of complexity of care. Purpose: To visualize the situation of rural and community health services unincorporated to NIHS, its history and generate action-proposals, advocacy for integration into the NIHS and the development of Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC). Methods: Participatory-Action-Research, quantitative, qualitative, and collective analysis with participants. Conclusions: contribution to desinvisibilization of the community and rural health services situation, prioritization of rural health as public policy.
  • Local implementation of the primary health care in Argentina: case study in Lanús municipality, Buenos Aires province

    Ardila Gómez, Sara; de Paepe, Pierre; Luciani Conde, Leandro; Stolkiner, Alicia

    Abstract in Spanish:

    Se presentan resultados en Argentina de la segunda etapa de un estudio multicéntrico sobre Atención Primaria en Salud, realizado por la Universidad Nacional de Lanús y por la Red de Investigación en Sistemas y Servicios de Salud del Cono Sur, financiado por el International Development Research Center (Canadá). Se indagó sobre la traducción en servicios, prácticas y procesos de los abordajes y modelos de la Atención Primaria en Salud. Eso es un estudio de caso que aplicó el cuestionario de Evaluación Rápida de Atención Primaria en Salud (Barbara Starfield; adaptación y validación por Almeida/Macinko) a usuarios y profesionales de centros de salud del Municipio de Lanús. Se entrevistó a gestores y fueron realizados talleres participativos. Los resultados señalan que el índice global de desempeño de la Atención Primaria en Salud en el municipio fue satisfactorio, con puntuaciones altas en las dimensiones 'vínculo con profesionales' y 'formación profesional', y bajas en 'acceso' y 'orientación a la comunidad'.

    Abstract in English:

    Results of the second phase of a multicenter study on Primary Health Care are here presented, which were implemented by the National University of Lanús and by the Network of Research on Health Systems and Services of the Southern Cone, financed by the International Development Research Center (Canada). The objective of this phase was to describe the translation of Primary Health Care models into practices, services, and processes. It is a case study that applied the survey of Primary Health Care Fast Evaluation (Barbara Starfield, adaptation by Almeida/Macinko) to users and staff of health centers at Lanús municipality. Primary Health Care managers were interviewed, and participatory workshops were organized. Results indicate that the global index of performance of the Primary Health Care in the municipality was satisfactory with high scores on the dimensions 'professional link' and 'professional training', and low on 'access' and on 'community guidance'.
  • Primary Health Care assessment in a urban context: perceptions of social actors - Bañado Sur - Paraguay, 2011

    Rodríguez-Riveros, María Isabel; Bursztyn, Ivani; Ruoti, Mónica; Dullak, Roberto; Páez, Malvina; Orué, Elizabeth; Sequera, Mónica; Lampert, Nathalie; Giménez, Graciela; Velázquez, Stella

    Abstract in Spanish:

    En Paraguay, desde 2008 se procesa la reforma de la Atención Primaria de Salud, buscando reducir inequidades. Con el objetivo de conocer el rol de la Atención Primaria de Salud en la reordenación del sistema de salud, se utilizó la herramienta Primary Care Assessment Tool para estudiar los Equipos de Salud Familiar en Asunción. Fueron entrevistados 360 usuarios y 36 profesionales. Los resultados cubren las dimensiones acceso, puerta de entrada, vínculo, integralidad, coordinación, enfoque familiar, orientación a la comunidad, y formación profesional. Se observa que usuarios y profesionales tienen percepciones diferentes, pero convergen que el acceso es un punto débil y la formación profesional uno fuerte. Se concluye que hay una importante inversión en la Atención Primaria de Salud, pero la población aún no se está apropiando de toda su potencialidad.

    Abstract in English:

    In Paraguay, since 2008 a Primary Health Care reform is taking place, aiming at reducing inequities. With the objective of understanding the role of Primary Health Care in the reorganization of the health system, the Primary Care Assessment Tool was used to study the Family Health Teams in Asunción. We interviewed 360 users and 36 health professionals. The results cover the dimensions of access, gateway, longitudinality, portfolio, coordination, family focus, community orientation, and professional training. It was observed that users and professionals have different perceptions, but agree that access is a weakness and training a strength. It is concluded that there is an important investment in Primary Health Care, however the population is still adapting their full potential.
  • The approach of Primary Health Care, organizative models and practices: case of a urban public Health Center in Montevideo, Uruguay 2011

    Berterretche, Rosario; Sollazzo, Ana

    Abstract in Spanish:

    El estudio de caso tuvo lugar en un Centro de Salud público de Montevideo, con el objetivo de comprender cómo los modelos organizativos de oferta y gestión de la APS son traducidos en servicios, prácticas y procesos asistenciales. El Instrumento de investigación utilizado se contextualizó en la herramienta creada por la Profª. B. Starfield, el Primary Care Assessment Tool, adaptada y validada por Almeida y Macinko en Brasilia en 2006. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios a un grupo de usuarios, profesionales y gestores seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico por criterios. Desde un punto de vista general, se observa una buena calificación de desempeño a nivel global en los atributos: puerta de entrada, cartera de servicios y formación profesional. Los atributos de nivel intermedio de desempeño corresponden a vínculo y coordinación. En el otro extremo, los atributos con menor nivel de desempeño fueron el enfoque familiar y comunitario y el acceso. Si bien la estrategia de APS está consagrada a un nivel macro social a través de un marco normativo sólido, su implementación a nivel operativo implica importantes desafíos para el logro de una adecuada integración y coordinación de los cuidados.

    Abstract in English:

    The study case took place at a public health center of Montevideo with the aim of understanding how the organizational models of provision and management of PHC services are translated into practices and care processes. The research instrument used was contextualized in the tool created by Prof.. B. Starfield, the Primary Care Assessment Tool, adapted and validated by Almeida and Macinko in Brasilia in 2006. Questionnaires were applied to a group of users, professionals and managers selected through a non-probabilistic sampling criteria. From a general point of view, there is a good performance rating globally in the attributes: gateway, service portfolio and profesional training. Intermediate attributes correspond to link performance and coordination. At the other extreme, the attributes with lower performance were the family and community focus and access. While the PHC strategy is devoted to social macro level through a strong regulatory framework, its implementation at operational level involves major challenges for achieving proper integration and coordination of care.
  • Community dimensions of Integral Primary Health Care

    Sanders, David; Labonté, Ronald; Packer, Corinne; Schaay, Nikki
  • Primary health care in South America in comparative perspective: changes and trends Artigos Originais

    Pereira, Adelyne Maria Mendes; Castro, Ana Luisa Barros de; Malagón Oviedo, Rafael Antonio; Barbosa, Ludmila Gonçalves; Gerassi, Camila Duarte; Giovanella, Ligia

    Abstract in Portuguese:

    Objetivou-se compreender as principais tendências e os desafios para a organização da atenção primária à saúde (APS) na América do Sul, no marco dos processos de mudanças políticas da última década movidos pela chegada ao poder de correntes de esquerda. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza comparada, desenvolvido a partir da análise de quatro casos - Brasil, Venezuela, Bolívia e Uruguai. Evidenciou-se que o novo contexto político deslocou o foco das políticas para a universalização e para modelos assistenciais fundados em uma APS integral. Contudo, permanecem desafios relacionados ao contexto histórico institucional de cada país para a consolidação da APS como estratégia estruturante de seus sistemas de saúde.

    Abstract in English:

    This work aimed to understand the main trends and challenges in the organization of primary health care (PHC) in South America, in the context of the processes of political changes in the last decade characterized by the arising to power of left politicians. This is a comparative study, based in the analysis of four cases - Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia and Uruguay. The results points that the new political context in these countries moved the focus of policies to universal health care models and a comprehensive PHC. Despite the fact, that remain challenges related to the historical institutional context of each country to the consolidation of PHC as a strategy for structuring health systems.
  • Dilemas e desafios da gestão municipal do SUS: avaliação da implantação do Sistema Municipal de Saúde em Vitória da Conquista (Bahia), 1997 - 2008 Resenha

    Santos, Adriano Maia dos
Centro Brasileiro de Estudos de Saúde RJ - Brazil
E-mail: revista@saudeemdebate.org.br